• editor@ijmra.in
  • ISSN[Online] : 2643-9875  ||  ISSN[Print] : 2643-9840

Volume 08 Issue 04 April 2025

Closing the Gender Gap: A Comprehensive Study of Bias and Reform in Asian Workplaces
Seema Bhakuni
Associate Professor, Doon Institute of Management and Research (HNBGU), India
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v8-i04-06

Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:

The chapter investigates the gender prejudice that continues to exist in Asian workplaces as well as the essential changes that are required to reduce the gender gap. Women's growth in leadership positions, high-paying occupations, and historically male-dominated fields is still hindered by systematic inequity, despite the fact that there has been improvement in areas such as education and labour participation. The research investigates the cultural, organisational, and structural variables that contribute to gender inequities. These elements include patriarchal norms, biased recruiting and promotion practices, and insufficient legal safeguards. A number of countries, including Japan, India, South Korea, and Singapore, have conducted case studies that demonstrate both successful changes and current issues. At the conclusion of the paper, suggestions are provided for policymakers, enterprises, and cultural leaders. These recommendations emphasise the need of fundamental changes in public policy, workplace culture, and societal attitudes in order to promote gender equality and improve economic development.

KEYWORDS:

Gender Gap, Gender Bias, Asian Workplaces, Patriarchal Norms, Workplace Inequality

REFERENCES
1) Adema, W., Clarke, C., & Thévenon, O. (2021). Family policies and family outcomes in OECD countries. OECD Economic Studies, 2021(1), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1787/5k4dlvx6nxf1-en

2) Ahern, K. R., & Dittmar, A. K. (2012). The changing of the boards: The impact on firm valuation of mandated female board representation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 127(1), 137-197. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr049

3) Ali, F. (2010). A comparative study of EEO in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. In M. Ozbilgin, & J. Syed (Eds), Managing gender diversity in Asia: A research companion (pp. 32–53). Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849807074.00007

4) Ashwin, S., & Lytkina, T. (2004). Men in crisis in Russia: The role of domestic marginalization. Gender & Society, 18(2), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243203261263

5) Benson, J., & Yukongdi, V. (2005). Asian women managers: Participation, barriers and future prospects. Asia Pacific Business Review, 11(2), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360238042000291135

6) Bertrand, M., Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (2010). Dynamics of the gender gap for young professionals in the financial and corporate sectors. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(3), 228-255. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.3.228

7) Bloom, N., Kretschmer, T., & Van Reenen, J. (2009). Work-life balance, management practices, and productivity. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 25(1), 115-138. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grp010

8) Boring, A. (2017). Gender biases in student evaluations of teaching. Journal of Public Economics, 145, 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.11.006

9) Stamarski Cailin S. & Son Hing Leanne S. (2015). Gender inequalities in the workplace: the effects of organizational structures, processes, practices, and decision makers’ sexism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01400

10) Carter, N. M., & Silva, C. (2011). The myth of the ideal worker: Does doing all the right things really get women ahead? Catalyst. https://www.catalyst.org/research/the-myth-of-the-ideal-worker-does-doing-all-the-right-things-really-get-women-ahead/

11) Cha, Y., & Weeden, K. A. (2014). Overwork and the slow convergence in the gender gap in wages. American Sociological Review, 79(3), 457-484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414528936

12) Charlesworth, S., & Macdonald, F. (2014). Women, work, and industrial relations in Australia in 2013. Journal of Industrial Relations, 56(3), 361-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022185614527111

13) Chou, K. L., & Cheung, K. C. K. (2013). Family-friendly policies and practices in the workplace: Their effect on employee job satisfaction and turnover intention. Community, Work & Family, 16(1), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2012.755207

14) Cooke, F. L. (2010). Women’s participation in employment in Asia: A comparative analysis of China, India, Japan, and South Korea. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(12), 2249-2270. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2010.509622

15) Corporate Governance Code of Japan. (2021). Promoting gender diversity in corporate governance. Japan Corporate Governance Network. https://j-cgc.or.jp/en/

16) Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Women and the labyrinth of leadership. Harvard Business Review, 85(9), 62-71. https://hbr.org/2007/09/women-and-the-labyrinth-of-leadership

17) Hebl, M. R., King, E. B., Glick, P., Singletary, S. L., and Kazama, S. (2007). Hostile and benevolent reactions toward pregnant women: complementary interpersonal punishments and rewards that maintain traditional roles. J. Appl. Psychol. 92, 1499–1511. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1499

18) Heilman, M., and Okimoto, T. G. (2007). Why are women penalized for success at male tasks? The implied communality deficit. J. Appl. Psychol. 92, 81–92. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.81

19) Heilman, M., and Okimoto, T. G. (2008). Motherhood: a potential source of bias in employment decisions. J. Appl. Psychol. 93, 189–198. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.189

20) International Labour Organization. (2020). Women in management: Global workforce trends 2020. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/global/research/publications/WCMS_760497/lang--en/index.htm

21) Kwon, K., & Chun, J. U. (2015). Human resource management practices, organizational commitment, and employees’ intentions to leave: The moderating role of generational differences. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 26(10), 1298-1324. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.990399

22) McKinsey & Company. (2022). Women in the workplace: Understanding gender equality in Asia’s workforce. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/diversity-and-inclusion/women-in-the-workplace

23) Hebl, M. R., King, E. B., Glick, P., Singletary, S. L., and Kazama, S. (2007). Hostile and benevolent reactions toward pregnant women: complementary interpersonal punishments and rewards that maintain traditional roles. J. Appl. Psychol. 92, 1499–1511. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1499

24) O’Neill, O. A., & O’Reilly, C. A. (2011). Reducing the backlash effect: Self-monitoring and women’s promotions. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(4), 825-832. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317910X528237

25) OECD. (2020). Gender equality in the workplace: How to close the gap. OECD Gender Data Portal. https://www.oecd.org/gender/gender-equality-in-the-workplace.htm

26) Rastogi, M., & Khandelwal, S. (2018). Factors affecting work-life balance of women professionals in India: A qualitative study. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 33(3), 250-263. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-09-2016-0155

27) Rudman, L. A., Moss-Racusin, C. A., Phelan, J. E., and Nauts, S. (2012). Status incongruity and backlash effects: defending the gender hierarchy motivates prejudice against female leaders. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 48, 165–179. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.008

28) Rudman, L. A., and Phelan, J. E. (2008). Backlash effects for disconfirming gender stereotypes in organizations. Res. Organ. Behav. 28, 61–79. doi: 10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.003

29) Wickramasinghe, M., & Jayatilaka, W. (2006). Beyond glass ceilings and brick walls: Gender at the workplace. Sri Lanka: International Labour Organisation.

30) World Economic Forum. (2022). Global gender gap report 2022: Asia’s gender equality challenge. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-report-2022
Volume 08 Issue 04 April 2025

There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.


Our Services and Policies

Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.

The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.

Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 08 Issue 05 (May 2025).

PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 May 2025.
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online

Why with us

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis is better then other journals because:-
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.

The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.

Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.

Indexed In
Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar