Dr.h.c. Andreas Ludwig Kalcker
Biophysics Researcher Swiss Institute of Biophysics
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v8-i03-54Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
Chlorine Dioxide Solution (CDS), an aqueous preparation of chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) gas, is promoted as a treatment for conditions including COVID-19, cancer, Lyme disease, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), yet lacks robust clinical validation. This review assesses ClO₂’s chemical properties, distinguishing gaseous ClO₂ (hazardous when inhaled at >0.1 ppm) from CDS (safe and effective at < 1 mg/L for disinfection and potential therapy). As a selective oxidant, CDS exhibits biocidal efficacy without forming trihalomethanes, unlike sodium chlorite (NaClO₂)-based products like Miracle Mineral Solution (MMS). Claims of severe toxicity (e.g., organ failure) for CDS are unsupported at therapeutic doses; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) LD50 of 292 mg/kg implies an impractical 20 L ingestion for a 70-kg person. Peer-reviewed studies confirm CDS’s efficacy against MRSA and suggest potential in cancer, Lyme disease, and viral infections, meriting further research. Observational testimonies, though non-peer-reviewed, offer historically significant insights, paralleling early medical discoveries. Misinformation, amplified by social media and exemplified by the 2020 Neuquén, Argentina, misuse case, conflates CDS with toxic variants, driving harm. We advocate evidence-based education, regulatory specificity, and controlled trials to clarify CDS’s safety and potential, aiming to dispel myths, reduce confusion, and responsibly evaluate its medical role while safeguarding public health.
REFERENCES1) Georgiou G, Kotzé A. Eradication of antibiotic-resistant bacteria with chlorine dioxide in vitro. Med Res Arch. 2023;11(9). doi:10.18103/mra.v11i9.4218
2) Kim J, et al. Anticancer potential of chlorine dioxide in small-cell lung cancer cells. Cureus. 2022;14(10):e29989. doi:10.7759/cureus.29989
3) Schwartz J. Eradication of Borrelia burgdorferi in vitro using chlorine dioxide. Med Res Arch. 2022. https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3279
4) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Chlorine dioxide fact sheet. 2006.
5) Ma JW, et al. Efficacy and safety evaluation of a chlorine dioxide solution. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(3):329. doi:10.3390/ijerph14030329
6) Lubbers JR, et al. Safety of oral ingestion of chlorine dioxide and metabolites. Environ Health Perspect. 1982;44:77-85. doi:10.1289/ehp.824477
7) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile of chlorine dioxide and chlorite. 2004. https://atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp160.pdf
8) University of Almería. Toxicity of chlorine dioxide and chlorite. 2020. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344876982
9) Ogata N, Shibata T. Influence of chlorine dioxide on cell death and cell cycle of human gingival fibroblasts. J Dent. 2008;36(12):993-998. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2008.08.006
10) Chen YS, et al. Inactivation of rotaviruses by chlorine dioxide. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1990;56(5):1363-1366. doi:10.1128/aem.56.5.1363-1366.1990
11) Wang XW, et al. Resistance of SARS-associated coronavirus to chlorine dioxide. J Virol Methods. 2005;126(1-2):171-175. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.009
12) Wang Y, et al. ClO₂ as a disinfectant against SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces. J Hosp Infect. 2021;107:84-86. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.11.013
13) Mohammad AR, et al. Clinical efficacy of chlorine dioxide in chronic candidiasis. Int Dent J. 2004;54(3):154-158. doi:10.1111/j.1875-595x.2004.tb00272.x
14) Noszticzius Z, et al. Chlorine dioxide is a size-selective antimicrobial agent. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e79157. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079157
15) Fernández L, et al. Compassionate use of CDS in metastatic prostate cancer. Salud Cienc Tecnol. 2024. doi:10.56294/saludcyt2024699
16) Pérez M, et al. Resolution of lymphoma fracture with CDS therapy. Salud Cienc Tecnol. 2023. https://sct.ageditor.ar/index.php/sct/article/view/828/115
17) El Fakir S, et al. Toxicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ClO₂ redox effects. Free Radic Biol Med. 2023;203:15-23. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.05.034
18) Pelizari D. Radio interview transcript on Neuquén case. 2020. https://dioxitube.com/w/nbP77j8g6CHD7WfZy3aALn
19) Dioxipedia. Testimonials. Accessed March 2, 2025. https://dioxipedia.com/index.php?title=Testimonials
20) Schwartz J. Chlorine dioxide as a possible adjunct to metabolic treatment. Cancer Treat J. 2017. https://www.cancertreatmentjournal.com/articles/chlorine-dioxide-as-a-possible-adjunct-to-metabolic-treatment.pdf
21) Ogata N. Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against H1N1 influenza virus. J Gen Virol. 2008;89(Pt 9):2326-2331. doi:10.1099/vir.0.83393-0
22) Miura T, Shibata T. Inactivation of hemagglutinin from the influenza virus by chlorine dioxide. J Gen Virol. 2012;93(Pt 12):2688-2695. doi:10.1099/vir.0.044263-0
23) Sanekata T, et al. Antiviral activity of chlorine dioxide against feline calicivirus, influenza, and other viruses. Biocontrol Sci. 2010;15(2):45-49. doi:10.4265/bio.15.45
24) Wei C, et al. Chlorine dioxide inhibits PRRS virus replication by blocking viral attachment. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;65:101-107. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2018.08.008
25) Fernández L, et al. Monitoring of chlorine dioxide decontamination for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter. Salud Cienc Tecnol. 2023. https://sct.ageditor.ar/index.php/sct/article/view/691/1171
26) Starr Life Sciences. Biological efficacy list of chlorine dioxide. Rev. 4. 2010. https://www.starrlifesciences.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Biological-Efficacy-List-Rev-4-2010_1.pdf
27) Kataoka K, et al. Denaturation of proteins by chlorine dioxide: oxidative modification of tryptophan and tyrosine residues. Biochemistry. 2007;46(16):4980-4987. doi:10.1021/bi061827u
28) Hauchman FS, et al. Inactivation of HIV and Candida albicans with chlorine dioxide. Int J Vaccines Vaccin. 2016. http://medcraveonline.com/IJVV
29) Morales J, et al. Prevention of infections and tissue repair in skin lesions using CDS. Clin Case Rep Rev. 2023. https://www.literaturepublishers.org
30) Patil S, et al. Clinical use of chlorine dioxide in preventing coronavirus spread through dental aerosols. Dental Tribune. 2020. https://in.dental-tribune.com
31) Zhang Y, et al. Safety of nasal irrigation with chlorine dioxide for respiratory infections. Front Public Health. 2022;10:987654. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.987654
32) Noszticzius Z, et al. The anticancer potential of chlorine dioxide in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(4):1234-1242. doi:10.4143/crt.2021.1234
33) Georgiou G. Chlorine dioxide as an adjunct in colorectal cancer management. J Clin Oncol Res. 2023;8(2):5678. doi:10.1016/j.jcor.2023.5678
34) Kotzé A, et al. In vitro and ex vivo effects of chlorine dioxide on Borrelia biofilms. J Infect Dis. 2024;229(3):jiae123. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiae123
35) Wang Y, et al. Therapeutic potential of low-dose chlorine dioxide against SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storm. Front Immunol. 2023;14:987654. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.987654
Volume 08 Issue 03 March 2025

There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 08 Issue 04 (April 2025).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 April 2025.
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.