1Purna Bahadur Kadel, 2Mahendra Kumar Budhathoki
1Central Department of Education, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8741-6196
2Bishwo Bhasa Campus, Tribhuvan University https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6734-5114
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i12-41Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
This study attempted to address the perceptions of teachers on the translanguaging as a medium of instruction and how translanguaging facilitates in EMI classes at school level. This study would be very relevant for the secondary level teachers to address the issues of EMI in multilingual classroom. Hermeneutic phenomenological research design was adopted to analyze the lived experiences of the participants in EMI program in secondary level in the context of Kathmandu metropolitan city. The lived experiences of eight teachers from four schools were collected to find out the subjective and multiple realities of the EMI classes in community schools. In-depth-interview was employed the lived experiences as data from teachers of science, mathematics and social studies in this study to address the research objectives of this study. The findings of this study were exclusion of learners’ L1 in EMI class, excessive use of Nepali in EMI class, lack of the use of linguistic repertoire of learners’ L1 in EMI class, use of code mixing, code switching and translation as techniques in EMI class, and lack of workshop and training of ICT for teachers. It is concluded that translanguaging is essential to run EMI policy smoothly in non-English classes. There should be workshops and trainings on translanguaging to make the EMI policy of the Government of Nepal successful in secondary school level in Nepal.
Keywords:Translanguaging, Hermeneutic, Phenomenological, EMI, and Linguistic Repertoire,
REFERENCES1) Adhikari, B. R. & Poudel P. P. (2024). Countering English-prioritized monolingual ideologies in content assessment through translanguaging practice in higher education. Language and Education, 38(2), 155-172. a. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500782.2023.2217804
2) Anderson, J. (2022). The translanguaging practices of expert teachers of English and their learners. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 45(3), 2233-2251. https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2022.2045300
3) Canagarajah, S. (2011b). Translanguaging in the classroom: Emerging issues for research and pedagogy. Applied Linguistics Review, 2 (2011), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110239331.1
4) Canagarajah, S. (2013a). Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Routledge.
5) Cenoz, J. & Gorter, D. (2015). Towards a holistic approach in the study of multilingual education. In Cenoz J. and Gorter D. (Eds.), Multilingual education: Between language learning and translanguaging. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1-15.
6) Cenoz, J. & Gorter, D. (2022). Pedagogical translanguaging and its application to language classes. RELC Journal 53(2), 342-354. https://doi.org/10.1177/000336882221082751
7) Cenoz, J. & Santos, A. (2020). Implementing pedagogical translanguaging in trilingual schools. System, 92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2020.102273
8) Chen, Y. & Peng, J. (2019). Continuing professional development of EMI teachers: A Chinese case study. Journal of Education for Teaching, 45(2), 219-222.
9) Chau, M. H., Li, A., Zhu, C. & Jacobs, G. H. (2022). On global Englishes, translanguaging, and the educational challenge of celebrating students’ capacity. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 26(3). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a20
10) Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education. Tylor and Francis.
11) Constitution of Nepal (2015). The constitution of Nepal. Government of Nepal, Kathmandu.
12) Conteh, J. (2018). Translanguaging as pedagogy- a critical review in A Creese and A. Blackedge (Eds.) The Routledge handbook of language and superdiversity (473-487). London: Routledge.
13) Cummins, J. (2000). Basic interpersonal communicative skills and cognitive academic language proficiency. Retrieved from
14) Cummins, J. (2009). Multilingualism in English-medium classroom: Pedagogical considerate. TESOL Quarterly, 43(2), 317-321.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1545- 7249. 2009.tb00171.x
15) Dafouz, E. (2018). English medium instruction and teacher education programmes in higher education: ideological forces and imagined identities at work. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 21(5), 540-552.
16) Dewey, M. (2021). Transnational education in the Anglophone University: A viewpoint article. RELC, 52 (2), 323-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882211009612
17) Diaz, M. P. (2015). Phenomenology in educational qualitative research: Philosophy as science or philosophical science? International Journal of Educational Excellence, 1(2),101-110.
18) Dovchin, S. & Lee, J. W. (2019). Introduction to special issue: The ordinariness of translinguishes. International Journal of Multilingualism, 16(2), 105-111.
19) Fang, F., Zhang, L. J. & Sah, P. K. (2022). Translanguaging in language teaching and learning: Current practices and future direction. RELC Journal, 53(2), 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882221114478
20) Farrell, T. S. C. (2022). Reflecting on translanguaging: ‘Across and ‘Beyond’ multilingualism. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 26(2). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a21
21) Farrell, T. S. (2020). Professional development through reflective practice for English medium instruction (EMI) teachers. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 23(3), 277-286. https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a21
22) Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of oppressed. Seabury Press.
23) Garcia, O., Johnson, S. I. & Seltzer, J. (2017). The translanguaging classroom: Leveraging student bilingualism for learning. PA: Caslon.
24) Garcia, O. & Kleifgen, J. A. (2019). Translanguaging and literacies. Reading Research Quarterly, 55(4), 553-571. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.286
25) Garcia, O. & Kleyn, T. (2016) .Translanguaging with multilingual students. Routledge.
26) Graham, K. Eslami, S. & Hillman, S. (2021). From English as the medium to English as a medium: Perspectives of EMI students in Quatar. System, 99, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102508
27) Hatch, J. A. (2002). Doing qualitative research in education settings. State university of New York Press.
28) Herdina, P. & Jessner, U. (2002). A dynamic model of multilingualism. Perspectives of change in psycholinguistics. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.
29) Jang, J. (2022). Translanguaging as an agentive action: A longitudinal case study of Uzbek EFL learners in South Korea. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 26 (3). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a6
30) Lewis, G. Jones, B. & Baker, C. (2012). Translanguaging: Origins and development from school to street and beyond. Educational Research and Evaluation: An International Journal on Theory and Practice, 18(7), 641-654.
31) Li, W. (2018). Translanguaging as a practical theory of language. Applied Linguistics, 39(1), 9-30.
32) Li, W. (2022). Translanguaging as method. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics,1(3) 100026.
33) Li, G. (2022). Toward inclusive translanguaging in multilingual classrooms. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 26(3). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a23
34) Li, W. & Garcia, O. (2022). Not first language but one repertoire: Translanguaging as a decolonizing project RELC Journal, 53(2),313-324.
35) Liando, N. V. F., Dallyono , R., Tatipang, D. P. & Lengkoan, F. C .(2023). Among English, Indonesian and local language: Translanguaging practices in an Indonesian EFL. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 13(1), 204-216. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v13i1.58270
36) Lin, A. M. Y. (2016). Language across the curriculum and CLIL in English as an additional language (EAL) context: Theory and Practice. Springer.
37) Mackinney, E. (2022). “It’s how we get along” – Translanguaging in middle-school mathematics class. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 26(3). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a8
38) Munirah Thaba, A. & Yusuf, A. B. (2021). Translanguaging in communicative practice of buyers and sellers in traditional market. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(2), 407-417. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v11i2.36029
39) NPHC (2021). National population and housing census. Government of Nepal, Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, National Statistics Office.
40) Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What every teacher should know? New York: Newbury House/Harper & Row.
41) Prada, J. (2019). Exploring the role of translanguaging in linguistic ideological and attitudinal reconfiguration in the Spanish classroom for heritage speakers. Classroom Discourse, 10(3-4), 306-322.
42) Raja, D. F., Suparno, S. & Ngadiso, N. (2022). Teachers’ attitude towards translanguaging practice and its implication in Indonesian EFL classroom. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(3), 567-576. a. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v11i3.38371
43) Rasman, (2018). To translanguage or not to translanguage? The multilingual practice in an Indonesian EFL classroom. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 7(3), 687-694. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijal.v7i3.9819
44) Renandya, W. & Chang, A. (2022). Translanguaging: Does it work in EFL contexts? Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 26(3). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a25
45) Rosiers, K., Lancker, I. & Delarue, S. (2018). Beyond tradition scope of translanguaging: Comparing translanguaging practices in Belgian multilingual and monolingual classroom. Language and Communication, 61,15-28. a. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2017.11.003
46) Sah, P. K. & Li, G. (2022). Translanguaging or unequal languaging? Unfolding the plurilingual discourse of English medium instruction policy in Nepal in public schools. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 25(6), 2075-2094. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1849011
47) Sari, M. D. P. (2021). Translanguaging practice by the English lecture in public speaking class and students’ perception: A case study in English education study program of Muhammadiyah University of Kotabumi. a. http://repository.umko.ac.id/eprint/204
48) Sharma, U. N. (2022). Translanguaging as a mediator of learning: Observation in the ELT classes of Nepal. Education and Development, 32(1), 105-120. https://doi.org/10.3126/ed.v32i1.61586
49) Sohn, B., Santos, P. D. & Lin, A. M. Y. (2022). Translanguaging and trans-semiotizing for critical integration of content and language in plurilingual educational settings. RELC Journal, 53(2), 355-370. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882221114480
50) Thongwitchit, M. & Ulla, M. B. (2024). Translanguaging pedagogy in Thailand’s English medium instruction classroom: Teachers’ perspectives and practices. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 27 (4). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.27108a7
51) Umam, A. H., Sugiharto, S. & Manara, C. (2023). Translingual practice in remote EFL tertiary education: How multilingual speakers create translanguaging spaces. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 13(2), 258-269.
52) Wang, D. (2019). Researching classroom translanguaging. In D. Wang (Ed.), Multilingualism and translanguaging in Chinese language classroom (pp. 97-106). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02529-8
53) Wei, L. (2023). Transformative pedagogy for inclusion and social justice through translanguaging, co-learning and transpositioning. Language Teaching 1-12.
54) Zheng, D. (2022). Creating a translanguaging space through languaging:Reflections on designs as English language specialists in Vietnam. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 26(3). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26103a28
Volume 07 Issue 12 December 2024
There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 08 Issue 01 (January 2025).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 January 2025 .
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.