1M. Endy Yulianto,2Aghnisni Fadia Haya
1Lecturer of Vocational School Program, Industrial Chemical Engineering Program Studies,
Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang-Indonesia
2Vocational School Program, Industrial Chemical Engineering Program Studies,
Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang-Indonesia
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i2-22Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
The aim of the present study was determine optimum processing conditions and nanoemulsion formulation for the preparation of gingerol and shogaol nanoemulsion from ginger extract-based subcritical water. For this purpose, nanoemulsions were prepared with rotor-stator homogenizer and varied surfactant and cosurfactant concentrations (24%, 26% and 28% v/v), and stirring speed (22,000 rpm, 24,000 rpm). The stirring time is adjusted to 30 minutes. The density, viscosity, pH, % transmittance, nanoemulsion type test, centrifugation test, particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersion index was observed. Nanoemulsion with 28% emulsifier has a % transmittance value closest to 100% indicating that the particle size is estimated at nanometers. The results of test showed that the formed ginger extract nanoemulsion was unstable. Therefore, further studies are needed to find the optimum process conditions and nanoemulsion formulations to form stable
KEYWORDS:Emulsifier; Ginger extract; Nanoemulsion; Stability; Subcritical Water Extraction
REFERENCES
1) Balogun FO, Tayo AdeyeOluwa E, Omotayo Tom Ashafa A. Pharmacological Potentials of Ginger. Ginger Cultiv Its Antimicrob Pharmacol Potentials 2020. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88848.
2) Mutiah R. Peran fitofarmaka dalam pencegahab dan terapi kanker. Anal Fitokimia Daun Pepaya (Carica Papaya L) Di Balai Penelit Tanam Aneka Kacang dan Umbi, Kendalpayak, Malang 2021:134–7.
3) Ma RH, Ni ZJ, Zhu YY, Thakur K, Zhang F, Zhang YY, dkk. A recent update on the multifaceted health benefits associated with ginger and its bioactive components. Food Funct 2021;12:519–42. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02834g.
4) Kiyama R. Nutritional implications of ginger: chemistry , biological activities and signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2020;86:108486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108486.
5) Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM. Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry 2015;117:554–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.012.
6) Tayarani S sadat, Khayatzadeh J, Es-haghi A, Behnaz Shadan. Anti-cancer effects of nanoemulsion prepared using Zingiber Officinale L . tincture against PC3 prostate cancer cells 2022;9:241–51.
7) Perindustrian K. Membangun Kemandirian Industri Farmasi Nasional. Buku Anal Pembang Ind 2021:1–33.
8) Ogino M, Nakazawa A, ichi Shiokawa K, Kikuchi H, Sato H, Onoue S. Krill oil-based self-emulsifying drug delivery system to improve oral absorption and renoprotective function of ginger extract. PharmaNutrition 2022;19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100285.
9) Mulia K, Zaenal MF, Krisanti EA. Encapsulation of oleoresin from ginger ( Zingiber officinale var . Roscoe ) in vegetable oils based nanoemulsions: Preparation and characterization for oral delivery formulation Encapsulation of Oleoresin from Ginger ( Zingiber officinale var . Roscoe ) 2019;030011. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5096715.
10) Limthin D, Phromyothin D. Improving Stability of Nanoemulsion Containing Centella asiatica, Lycopersicon Esculentum Mil. And Moringa oleifera Lam. Extract. Mater Today Proc 2019;17:1852–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.223.
11) Chen F, Kowaleguet MGGM, Shi W, Zhang S, Dai J, Ban Z, dkk. Associating chitosan and nanoemulsion as a delivery system of essential oil; the potential on quality maintenance of minimally processed produce. Lwt 2022;155:112925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112925.
12) Aswathanarayan JB, Vittal RR. Nanoemulsions and Their Potential Applications in Food Industry. Front Sustain Food Syst 2019;3:1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00095.
13) Rosso A, Lollo G, Chevalier Y, Troung N, Bordes C, Bourgeois S, dkk. Development and structural characterization of a novel nanoemulsion for oral drug delivery. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020;593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124614.
14) Noor E, Harmi L, Maddu A, Yusron M. Fabrication of Nanogingerol by Combining Phase Inversion Composition and Temperature. Res J Pharm 2015;6:38–47.
15) Yulianto ME, Siswanto AP, Handayani D, Nugraheni FS, Hartati I, Yudanto YA. Advanced nanoemulsion production on ginger (Zingiber officinale) for product quality improvement. AIP Conf Proc 2019;2114. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112415.
16) Hanifah N, Achmad YF, Humaira A, Salasia SIO. Red ginger-extract nanoemulsion modulates high blood pressure in rats by regulating angiotensin-converting enzyme production. Vet World 2021;14:176–81. https://doi.org/10.14202/VETWORLD.2021.176-181.
17) Smail SS, Ghareeb MM, Omer HK, Al-Kinani AA, Alany RG. Studies on surfactants, cosurfactants, and oils for prospective use in formulation of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics 2021;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040467.
18) Endy Yulianto M, Paramita V, Amalia R, Wahyuningsih N, Dwi Nyamiati R. Production of bioactive compounds from ginger (Zingiber officianale) dregs through subcritical water extraction. Mater Today Proc 2022;63:S188–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.216.
19) Wuttikul K, Sainakham M. In vitro bioactivities and preparation of nanoemulsion from coconut oil loaded Curcuma aromatica extracts for cosmeceutical delivery systems. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022;29:103435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103435.
20) Namira ZR, Paramita V, Kusumayanti H. The Effect of Rotational Speed of Homogenization on Emulsion Results Obtained Using Soy Lecithin Emulsifier 2021;3:14–7.
21) Gurpreet K, Singh SK. Review of nanoemulsion formulation and characterization techniques. Indian J Pharm Sci 2018;80:781–9.
22) Hariyatno SP, Paramita V, Amalia R. The Effect of surfactant, time, and speed of Stirring in the emulsification process of soybeaan oil in water. J Vocat Stud Appl Res 2021;3:21–5.
23) Mardhiani YD, A DP, Fadilah L. Astaxanthin Nanoemulsion Formulation and Evaluation 2022;3:139–49.
24) Wiwiek A, Martodihardjo S, Soenardi, Jumina, Budiana IGMN, Mustofa. Preparation and In-Vitro characterization of Self-Nano emulsifying system of C- Phenylcalix-[4]-Resorcinaryl Octacinnamate and C-Methylcalix-[4]-Resorcinaryl Octabenzoate as ultraviolet absorbers 2017. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v6i3.699.
25) Maha HL, Sinaga KR, Masfria. Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion and cream. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2018;11:319–21. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056.
26) Amit C, Rajeshwar A, Kant K, Raj PG, Bhawna T. Formulation and Evaluation of Ginger Extract Loaded Nanoemulgel for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis 2019;9:559–70.
27) Nurhidayati LG. Formulasi Dan Uji Sifat Fisik Sediaan Nanoemulsi Natrium Diklofenak Dengan Kombinasi Tween 80 Dan Transkutol. Sainteks 2020;17:33. https://doi.org/10.30595/sainteks.v17i1.6896.
28) Uthumpa C, Indranupakorn R, Asasutjarit R. Development of nanoemulsion formulations of ginger extract. Adv Mater Res 2013;684:12–5. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.684.12.
29) Ningsih IY, Faradisa H, Cahyani MD, Rosyidi VA, Hidayat MA. The formulation of ginger oil nanoemulsions of three varieties of ginger (Zingiber officinale rosc.) as natural antioxidant. J Res Pharm 2020;24:914–24. https://doi.org/10.35333/jrp.2020.251.
30) Chime SA, Kenechukwu FC, Attama AA. Nanoemulsions — Advances in Formulation, Characterization and Applications in Drug Delivery. Appl Nanotechnol Drug Deliv 2014. https://doi.org/10.5772/58673.
31) Haslinah A, Yani S, Aladin A. Optimization Of The Rotational Speed Of Homogenizers In The Production Of VCO Emulsion Using Soy Lecithin As The Emulsifier 2019;165:16–9. https://doi.org/10.2991/icmeme-18.2019.4.
32) Adak T, Barik N, Patil NB, Govindharaj GPP, Gadratagi BG, Annamalai M, dkk. Nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil: An alternative to synthetic pesticides against two major storage insects (Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) of rice. Ind Crops Prod 2020;143:111849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111849.
33) McClements DJ. Food Emultions: Principles, Practices and Techniques. CRC Press. New York; 2005.
34) Sneha K, Kumar A. Nanoemulsions: Techniques for the preparation and the recent advances in their food applications. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2022;76:102914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102914.
35) Scholz P, Keck CM. Nanoemulsions produced by rotor-stator high speed stirring. Int J Pharm 2015;482:110–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.040.
36) Mahdi Jafari S, He Y, Bhandari B. Nano-emulsion production by sonication and microfluidization - A comparison. Int J Food Prop 2006;9:475–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910600596464.
37) Bangun H, Tandiono S, Arianto A. Preparation and evaluation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles suspension as an antibacterial agent. J Appl Pharm Sci 2018;8:147–56. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2018.81217.
38) Balogun FO, Tayo AdeyeOluwa E, Omotayo Tom Ashafa A. Pharmacological Potentials of Ginger. Ginger Cultiv Its Antimicrob Pharmacol Potentials 2020. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88848.
39) Mutiah R. Peran fitofarmaka dalam pencegahab dan terapi kanker. Anal Fitokimia Daun Pepaya (Carica Papaya L) Di Balai Penelit Tanam Aneka Kacang dan Umbi, Kendalpayak, Malang 2021:134–7.
40) [Ma RH, Ni ZJ, Zhu YY, Thakur K, Zhang F, Zhang YY, dkk. A recent update on the multifaceted health benefits associated with ginger and its bioactive components. Food Funct 2021;12:519–42. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02834g.
41) Kiyama R. Nutritional implications of ginger: chemistry , biological activities and signaling pathways. J Nutr Biochem 2020;86:108486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108486.
42) Semwal RB, Semwal DK, Combrinck S, Viljoen AM. Gingerols and shogaols: Important nutraceutical principles from ginger. Phytochemistry 2015;117:554–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.012.
43) Tayarani S sadat, Khayatzadeh J, Es-haghi A, Behnaz Shadan. Anti-cancer effects of nanoemulsion prepared using Zingiber Officinale L . tincture against PC3 prostate cancer cells 2022;9:241–51.
44) Perindustrian K. Membangun Kemandirian Industri Farmasi Nasional. Buku Anal Pembang Ind 2021:1–33.
45) Ogino M, Nakazawa A, ichi Shiokawa K, Kikuchi H, Sato H, Onoue S. Krill oil-based self-emulsifying drug delivery system to improve oral absorption and renoprotective function of ginger extract. PharmaNutrition 2022;19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phanu.2021.100285.
46) Mulia K, Zaenal MF, Krisanti EA. Encapsulation of oleoresin from ginger ( Zingiber officinale var . Roscoe ) in vegetable oils based nanoemulsions: Preparation and characterization for oral delivery formulation Encapsulation of Oleoresin from Ginger ( Zingiber officinale var . Roscoe ) 2019;030011. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5096715.
47) Limthin D, Phromyothin D. Improving Stability of Nanoemulsion Containing Centella asiatica, Lycopersicon Esculentum Mil. And Moringa oleifera Lam. Extract. Mater Today Proc 2019;17:1852–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.223.
48) Chen F, Kowaleguet MGGM, Shi W, Zhang S, Dai J, Ban Z, dkk. Associating chitosan and nanoemulsion as a delivery system of essential oil; the potential on quality maintenance of minimally processed produce. Lwt 2022;155:112925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112925.
49) Aswathanarayan JB, Vittal RR. Nanoemulsions and Their Potential Applications in Food Industry. Front Sustain Food Syst 2019;3:1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00095.
50) Rosso A, Lollo G, Chevalier Y, Troung N, Bordes C, Bourgeois S, dkk. Development and structural characterization of a novel nanoemulsion for oral drug delivery. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020;593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124614.
51) [Noor E, Harmi L, Maddu A, Yusron M. Fabrication of Nanogingerol by Combining Phase Inversion Composition and Temperature. Res J Pharm 2015;6:38–47.
52) Yulianto ME, Siswanto AP, Handayani D, Nugraheni FS, Hartati I, Yudanto YA. Advanced nanoemulsion production on ginger (Zingiber officinale) for product quality improvement. AIP Conf Proc 2019;2114. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5112415.
53) Hanifah N, Achmad YF, Humaira A, Salasia SIO. Red ginger-extract nanoemulsion modulates high blood pressure in rats by regulating angiotensin-converting enzyme production. Vet World 2021;14:176–81. https://doi.org/10.14202/VETWORLD.2021.176-181.
54) Smail SS, Ghareeb MM, Omer HK, Al-Kinani AA, Alany RG. Studies on surfactants, cosurfactants, and oils for prospective use in formulation of ketorolac tromethamine ophthalmic nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics 2021;13. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040467.
55) Endy Yulianto M, Paramita V, Amalia R, Wahyuningsih N, Dwi Nyamiati R. Production of bioactive compounds from ginger (Zingiber officianale) dregs through subcritical water extraction. Mater Today Proc 2022;63:S188–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.02.216.
56) Wuttikul K, Sainakham M. In vitro bioactivities and preparation of nanoemulsion from coconut oil loaded Curcuma aromatica extracts for cosmeceutical delivery systems. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022;29:103435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103435.
57) Namira ZR, Paramita V, Kusumayanti H. The Effect of Rotational Speed of Homogenization on Emulsion Results Obtained Using Soy Lecithin Emulsifier 2021;3:14–7.
58) Gurpreet K, Singh SK. Review of nanoemulsion formulation and characterization techniques. Indian J Pharm Sci 2018;80:781–9.
59) Hariyatno SP, Paramita V, Amalia R. The Effect of surfactant, time, and speed of Stirring in the emulsification process of soybeaan oil in water. J Vocat Stud Appl Res 2021;3:21–5.
60) Mardhiani YD, A DP, Fadilah L. Astaxanthin Nanoemulsion Formulation and Evaluation 2022;3:139–49.
61) Wiwiek A, Martodihardjo S, Soenardi, Jumina, Budiana IGMN, Mustofa. Preparation and In-Vitro characterization of Self-Nano emulsifying system of C- Phenylcalix-[4]-Resorcinaryl Octacinnamate and C-Methylcalix-[4]-Resorcinaryl Octabenzoate as ultraviolet absorbers 2017. https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v6i3.699.
62) Maha HL, Sinaga KR, Masfria. Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion and cream. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2018;11:319–21. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056.
63) Amit C, Rajeshwar A, Kant K, Raj PG, Bhawna T. Formulation and Evaluation of Ginger Extract Loaded Nanoemulgel for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis 2019;9:559–70.
64) Nurhidayati LG. Formulasi Dan Uji Sifat Fisik Sediaan Nanoemulsi Natrium Diklofenak Dengan Kombinasi Tween 80 Dan Transkutol. Sainteks 2020;17:33. https://doi.org/10.30595/sainteks.v17i1.6896.
65) Uthumpa C, Indranupakorn R, Asasutjarit R. Development of nanoemulsion formulations of ginger extract. Adv Mater Res 2013;684:12–5. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.684.12.
66) Ningsih IY, Faradisa H, Cahyani MD, Rosyidi VA, Hidayat MA. The formulation of ginger oil nanoemulsions of three varieties of ginger (Zingiber officinale rosc.) as natural antioxidant. J Res Pharm 2020;24:914–24. https://doi.org/10.35333/jrp.2020.251.
67) Chime SA, Kenechukwu FC, Attama AA. Nanoemulsions — Advances in Formulation, Characterization and Applications in Drug Delivery. Appl Nanotechnol Drug Deliv 2014. https://doi.org/10.5772/58673.
69) Adak T, Barik N, Patil NB, Govindharaj GPP, Gadratagi BG, Annamalai M, dkk. Nanoemulsion of eucalyptus oil: An alternative to synthetic pesticides against two major storage insects (Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)) of rice. Ind Crops Prod 2020;143:111849. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111849.
70) McClements DJ. Food Emultions: Principles, Practices and Techniques. CRC Press. New York; 2005.
71) Sneha K, Kumar A. Nanoemulsions: Techniques for the preparation and the recent advances in their food applications. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 2022;76:102914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102914.
72) Scholz P, Keck CM. Nanoemulsions produced by rotor-stator high speed stirring. Int J Pharm 2015;482:110–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.12.040.
73) Mahdi Jafari S, He Y, Bhandari B. Nano-emulsion production by sonication and microfluidization - A comparison. Int J Food Prop 2006;9:475–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910600596464.
74) Bangun H, Tandiono S, Arianto A. Preparation and evaluation of chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles suspension as an antibacterial agent. J Appl Pharm Sci 2018;8:147–56. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2018.81217.
VOLUME 06 ISSUE 02 FEBRUARY 2023
There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 07 Issue 05 (May 2024).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 May 2024 .
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.