Marites U. Peralta
Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i12-78Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
The extensive use of pesticides and the risk they pose to human and the environment requires safe alternatives in crop production hence the study on the efficacy of botanical leaf extracts and mulching materials in organic eggplant production. This study determined the best level combination of botanical leaf extracts that has repellent and knockdown effects on major eggplant insect pest, best level combination of botanical leaf extracts that produces the highest marketable yield; best mulching materials; best level combination of botanical leaf extracts and mulching; correlation of infestation to yield; profitability of eggplant production using botanical leaf extracts and mulching materials combined; and evaluate the effects of botanical leaf extracts and mulching materials on soil chemical properties. A Bioassay test on the botanical leaf extracts was conducted prior to field experiment. Mass rearing the test insects was done to ensure uniform number of insect in eggplant per treatment. A Split- plot in Factorial Design was used in the study with three blocks. The main plot were the leaf extracts of Neem, Madre de Cacao+ Guava at 1:1:1 ratio were: P0 – No Application, P1 –250 ml leaf extract/16 li water, P2 –500 ml leaf extract /16 li water, P3 –750 ml leaf extract /16 li water, P4 – 40 ml Commercial insecticide/16 li water. The sub-plot was: M1 – Black Plastic mulch, M2 – Carbonize Rice Hulls, and M3 – Saw Dust. Results of the bioassay showed highly significant knockdown effect in the application of 500-750ml leaf extract/16 li water on fruit and shoot borer, lady spotted beetle and white flies comparable to application of commercial insecticide/16 li water. Significant repellent effects on Fruit Shoot Borer and Lady spotted beetles but no repellent effects on white flies for an application of 250ml botanical leaf extracts/16li water. Results under field condition showed that plants applied with 750ml botanical leaf extracts/16 li water is more effective than commercial insecticide/16 li water in reducing damaged leaves during the early vegetative stage of development (2nd WAT) and at reproductive stage of development (10th WAT). Highly significant difference was obtained in terms in weight of non-marketable fruit. No significant interaction was registered between botanical leaf extracts and mulching materials. Regression correlation analysis revealed that there was a direct correlation between the numbers of damaged leaves to yield. Combined application of botanical leaf extracts at 750ml/16 li water + carbonized rice hulls obtained Php 797,635.15 net for organic off-season eggplant production. Soil pH, OM, P, and K were increased with application of sawdust, carbonized rice hulls and plastic mulch.
KEYWORDS:botanical extracts, mulching, guava, neem, madre de cacao, knockdown effect, bioassay
REFERENCES1) Ahmed BI, Onu I, Mudi L (2009). Field bioefficacy of plant extracts for the control of post flowering insect pests of cowpea(Vigna unguiculata (L.) in Nigeria. J.
2) Acayen, M.T.C. (2005-2006). Dried Papaya Leaves as Organic Mulch for tomato Plants.
3) BAS. 2007c. Performance of Philippines agriculture January to December 2006. Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Philippineshttp://www.bas.gov.ph/perflastyear.php
4) Badgley, C., J. Moghtader, E. Quintero, E. Zakem, M. J. Chappell, K. Avilés-Vázquez, A. Samulon, and I. Perfecto. 2007. Organic agriculture and the globa food supply. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22:86-108.
5) Baloc, H. A. 1, Bulong M. P. 2; 2012). (Efficacy of Fermented Botanical Plant Extracts in the Management of White Flies and 28-Spotted Beetles in Tomato
6) Beleña M. J. G., C. P. Josue, A. J. M. Ondo and M. U. Peralta (March 2017)BOTANICAL LEAF EXTRACT AS BIO PESTICIDE IN EGGPLANT PRODUCTION(Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis)
7) Birch C. J., Rickert K.G., Wearing A.H., Tan D.K.Y., 2000. Broccoli yield and quality can be determined by cultivar and temperature but not photoperiod in south – east Queensland. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 39: 901-909.
8) Bliss RM, Elstein D., 2004) Scientists get under eggplant's skin. ARS Magazine, 2004 January; 52 (1): http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jan04/skin0104.htm. 2004.
9) Chakraborty, D., Nagarajan, S., Aggarwal, P., Gupta, V.K., Tomar, R.K., Garg, R.N., Sahoo, R.N., Chopra, U.K. and Kalra, N. 2008. Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status, and the growth and yield of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) in a semiarid environment. Agricultural Water Management. 95(12): 1323-1334
10) Chen N.C., Li H.M., 1997. Cultivation and seed production of eggplant. Training workshop on vegetable cultivation and seed production technology. Shanhua, Tainan: AVRDC. J: 1-12.
11) Cork, A.; Iles, M.J.; Kamal, N.Q.; Choudhury, J.C.S.; Rahman, M.M. and Islam, M. 2005. An old pest, a new solution - Commercializing rice stem-borer pheromones in Bangladesh. Outlook on Agriculture, 34(3): 181-187.
12) Davis C. C., 1993. Environmental concerns about pesticide use in Philippine Agriculture: Science of The Total Environment Volume 134, Supplement 1, 1993, Pages 293-306)
13) Diaz Perez J.C., Gitaitis R., Mandal B., 2007. Effects of plastic mulches on root zone temperature and on the manifestation of tomato spotted wilt symptoms and yield of tomato. Sci. Hort. 114: 90-95.
14) Dilip Kumar, G. Sachin, S. S. and Rajesh Kumar. (1990). Importance of mulch in crop production. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 18: 20-26.
15) Dioquino, C.C. (2002). Report on pesticide poisoning in the Philippines. National Institute of Health and Sciences. 7th GINC meeting. Tokyo, Japan. Available at: http://www.nihs.go.jp/GINC/meeting/7th/prof ile.html
16) Domingo, O. F., Science Research Specialist II, PCARRD ( Science and Technology& POST: Publication of the Department of Science and Technology Vol. XXV, 4th Quarter, October-December 2007)pesticidescheaper.effectivepest-control.html
17) DOST. (1998): Madre de cacao. Department of Science and Trade. Manila, Philippines.
18) FAO, (2009). The United Nation Food and Agriculture Organization.
19) Food for the family ,Health and Home, May-June 2007 p.39 ).
20) Francisco, SR. (2009). Costs and benefits of UPLB Bt Eggplant with Resistance to Fruit and Shoot Borer in the Philippines. In: Norton GW, Hautea DM, editors. Projected Impacts of Agricultural Biotechnologies for Fruits and Vegetables in the Philippines and Indonesia. Ithaca, NY and Los Banos, Laguna
21) Golob, P. and Webly, D. J. 1980. The use of plants and minerals as traditional protectants of stored products. Insect Sci. Application.12(1\2\3): 103-109.
22) Ghosh, P.K. Dayal, D. Bandyopadhyay, K.K. and Mohanty, M. 2006. Evaluation of straw and polythene mulch for enhancing productivity of irrigated summer groundnut. Field Crops Research. 99(2- 3): 76-86.
23) Haida KS, Baron A, Haida KS (2011) Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of two varieties of guava and rue. Rev Bras Ciênc Saúde 28: 11-19.
24) Health and Home (May-June2007). Food for the family p.39
25) H. M. Burkill, (1997). The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa, 2nd edition, 1997
26) Hori, M. 2003. Repellency of essential oils against the cigarette beetle, LasiodermaSerricorne .
27) Immaraju JA (1998) The commercial use of azadirachtin and its inte-gration into viablepest control programmes. Pestic Sci 54:285–289
28) Katarzyna Adamczewska-Sowińska*, Magdalena Krygier, Joanna Turczuk 2012. The Yield of Eggplant Depending on Climate Conditions and Mulching.
29) Khan, W., U. Rayirath, S. Subramanian, M. Jithesh, P. Rayorath, D. M. Hodges, A. Critchley, J. Craigie, J. Norrie and B. Prithiviraj, 2009. Seaweed extracts as biostimulants of plant growth and development. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 28(4): 386-399.
30) Kim, H. K.; Kim, J. R. and Ahn, Y. J. 2004. Acaricidal activity of cinnamaldehyde and its congeners against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acari: Acaridae). Journal of Stored Product Research. 40: 55-63.
31) Lantican, R. M. 2001. The Science and Practice of Crop Production. College of Los Baños, Laguna, Phils.: SEAMEO SEARCA and UPLB. 330p.
32) Liberato, M. O. 2017. Off season production of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum L.)under different shading and mulching materials.
33) Mateljan,George 2017. World Healthiest Vegetables Foundation
34) Maughan, Tiffany and Dan Drost, January 2016. Use of plastic mulch for vegetable production, Horticulture Extension Utah State University Horticulture/Vegetables/2016-01
35) Memon, M.S., Jun, Z., Jun, G., Ullah, F., Hassan, M., Ara, S. and Changying, J. 2017. Comprehensive review for the effects of ridge furrow plastic mulching on crop yield and water use efficiency under different crops. InternationalAgricultural Engineering Journal. 26(2):GROWTH AND YIELD OF EGGPLANT (Solanum melongena L.) ON VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF N-SOURCE AND NUMBER OF MAIN BRANCH
36) Moch. Dawam Maghfoer, Roedy Soelistyono and Ninuk Herlina, 2014. Growth and Yied of Egpplant (Solanum melongena L.) on various combination of N- source and number of Main branch.
37) Moreno M. M., Moreno A., 2008. Effect of different biodegradable and polyethylenemulches on soil properties and production in a tomato crop. Sci. Hort. 116: 256-263.
38) M. A. K. Azad , M. N. Yesmin and M. S. Isl.am, (2012). Effect of Botanical Extract on Pest Control in Brinjal Field
39) Musa, A. K. and Olaniran, R. O. (2014) Insecticidal activity and phytochemical screening of guava, psidium guajava l. Leaf oil against khapra beetle, trogoderma granarium everts (coleoptera: dermestidae) on stored groundnut.
40) N.C. Chen, T. Kalb, N.S. Talekar, J.F. Wang and C.H. Ma, 2002. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center; P.O. Box 42, Shanhua; Taiwan 741; ROC tel: (886-6) 583-7801 fax: (886-6) 583-0009 email: avrdcbox@netra.avrdc.org.tw www: http://www.avrdc.org.tw
41) N. S. Ncube, A. J. Afolayan, and A. I. Okoh, 2008 “Assessment techniques ofantimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 7, no. 12, pp. 1797–1806, 2008. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
42) New Zealand Digital Library. The University of Walkato Humanity Development Training and Development Soils, Crops and Fertilizer Use: Chapter 8: Using Fertilizers and Soil Conditioners).
43) Panergayo, K.S., Magos,, R.C., Baletaryo, C.H., Panergayo, R.A. et. al (2008) ‘Morena and ‘Banate King’ : New promising eggplant hybrids in the Philippines (2008) Source: University Library, University of the Philippines at Los Baños HOMEPAGE:htpp://www.uplb.edu.ph
44) Park, J. D.; Ahn, Y-J.; Park, I-K.; Lee, S-G. and Choi, DH. 2003. Insecticidal activities of constituents identified in the essential oil from leaves of Chamaecyparis obtusa against Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and Sitophilus oryzae (L.). Journal of Stored Product Research. 39: 375-384.
45) Philippines Statistics Authority-Bureau of Agricultural Statistics. CropStat for 2005–2014. Available: http://countrystat.psa.gov.ph/
46) Prashanth G.K1 , G.M. Krishnaiah2 (2014). Chemical composition of the leaves of Azadirachta Indica Linn (Neem) Department of Chemistry, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Hunasamaranahalli, Bangalore-562 157, India.
47) Pretty, J. N., J. I. L. Morison, and R. E. Hine. 2003. Reducing food poverty byincreasing agricultural sustainability in developing countries. Agriculture,Ecosystems & Environment 95:217-234
48) Regnault-Roger C, Philogène BJR, Vincent C (eds) (2005) Biopesticides of plant origin. Lavoisier, Paris, p 313.
49) Rosenthal, G.A. and Janzen, D.H. (eds). 1979. Hervibores: their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. Academic Press, New York.
50) Russell AD (2002). Antibiotic and biocide resistance in bacteria: Introduction. J Appl Microbiol 92: 1S–3S. [PubMed])
51) Sarian, Sac V. (Nov. 2017 ) AGRI MAGAZINE: East-West Seed’s 35 Farmer Heroes Featured.
52) Shweta, D. Mal, L. Singh, S. Gharde, P. Kaur and Datta, S. 2018. Effect of Mulching in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.): A Review. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(06): 504-509. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.056
53) Sideman B. 2017. Growing Vegetable Tomatoes. UNH Cooperative Extension. University of New Hampshire. https://extension.unh.edu/resources/files/resource000609_rep631.pdf
54) Singh, S., Awasthi O.P. and Meena, S.R. 2006. Influence of mulch on soil hydrothermal regimes, leaf and soil nutrient concentrations, growth and fruit yield of brinjal grown under arid ecosystem. Agropedology. 16 (2): 112-116.
55) Somasumdaram, D.J., Rajadurai, S. (1995). War and suicide in Northern Sri Lanka. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 91: 1-4
56) Stoll, G. (2000): Natural protection in the tropics. Margraf Verlag. Weikersheim. www. bar.gov.ph
57) Tacio, Henrylito D. Organic, Botanical Pesticides: Cheaper and Effective Pest Control September 8, 2009).
58) UNDP. 2006. A logistical evaluation of the vegetables sub-sector. Globalization and Corporate Citizenship (Project ID00014496) From Seed to Shelf, a Logistic Evaluation of the Vegetables Sub-Sector (Unpublished Report). United Nations Development Programme.
59) United Nations Environmental Programme: Chemicals (1996). Philippine case study:a developing country’s perspective on POPS. IFCS meeting on POPs. 17-19June, 1996. Manila, The Philippines. Available at:
60) Vijaya.K.S, Dr.S.Seethalakshmi, 2011. Response of Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) To Integrated Nutrient Management Amended Soil
61) Ware GW (1983). Pesticide. Theory and application. Freeman, San Francisco, p. 308
62) Waterer, D. R. (2000). Effect of soil mulches and herbicides on production economics of warm-season vegetable crops in a cool climate. HortTechnology, 10: 154-159.
63) http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/indxhtms/mane xp7.html
64) http://www.gaiadiscovery.com/agriculture-industry/organic-botanical-pesticides-cheaper-effective-pest-control.html
65) https://archive.org/stream/useofsawdustform891alli/useofsawdustform891alli_djvu.txt
66) http://slideshare.net/sekaran85/cfakepath pesticide-sekaran
67) (http://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i7/SUB156514.pdf)
68) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306080082_The_Vegetable_Industry_in_Tropi cal_Asia_The_Philippines
69) www.encyclopedia.org/wiki/how_to_used_neem_as_a_natural_pesticide
70) www.gaiadiscovery.com /agriculture-industry/organic-botanical-
71) www.gramr.com/sites/defanlt/files/issues-pdf/031_2pdf
72) www.imok,ufl.edu/hlb/database/pdf/00002604.pdf
73) (https://archive.org/stream/useofsawdustform891alli/useofsawdustform891alli_djvu.txt).
Volume 06 Issue 12 December 2023
There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 07 Issue 11 (November 2024).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 November 2024 .
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.