• editor@ijmra.in
  • ISSN[Online] : 2643-9875  ||  ISSN[Print] : 2643-9840

Volume 05 Issue 09 September 2022

Democracy and Underdevelopment in Coastal Communities in Akwa Ibom State Since 1999
1Maclean Donald Mbikan,
2Ubongabasi Ebenezer Israel
1,2University Of Uyo, Uyo-Nigeria
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i9-14

Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:

Democracy in Nigeria and of course in Akwa Ibom State has created lopsided development and thereby widened the gap of inequality in the State. Democracy is a political and constitutional arrangement in which the values of economic development and social welfare of the citizens can grow and be sustained. Inspite of the great potentials in agricultural, mineral and human resources in the state, development has remained uneven. The coastal communities like other rural areas in the mainland, are grossly underdeveloped, despite harbouring the wealth of the state, particularly, petroleum oil and gas. The coastal areas of the state are replete with poor or absence of basic infrastructure, poverty, unemployment high-crime rate, and youth restiveness. The article concludes that democracy in the state rather than foster a sustained development, has created uneven and uncordinated development especially in the coastal areas. That only adequate provision of social infrastructures with sustainable development programme can secure the future of the people both in the hinterland as well as in the coastal communities.

KEYWORDS:

Democracy, Coastal, Communities, Development, Underdevelopment and Akwa Inom State.

REFERENCES

1) Akwa Ibom State Diary 2012.

2) Akwa Ibom State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (AK-SEEDS) (2004) Uyo: A Publication of Ministry of Economic Development, Akwa Ibom State, pp. 5-13.

3) Akwa Ibom State: Planet FM 101.1, 7.00am news, Friday 3, June. 2022.

4) Asuk, O. C. The Development of Underdevelopment in Andoni (Obolo) of the Niger Delta, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.185331.journal.v813.1591 accessed and retrieved Friday 18 June, 2021.

5) Chris, Dibie, C. (2015). Essential Government for Senior Secondary Schools, Ibafo: Tonad Publishers Limited, pp. 18-19.

6) Ejituwu, Nkparom C. (1991) A History of Obolo (Andoni) in the Niger Delta, Oron: Mason Publishing Company, pp. 6-7.

7) Frank, Etim O. (2016) Rural Development (Theories-Issues and Practices) Uyo: Sleumas Ventures, pp. 13-20.

8) Igboke, Shedrack (2019), Contemporary Government for Senior Secondary Schools, Akwa: God the Source of Knowledge Books, p. 17.

9) Iniodu, Peter U. (2004) “Agricultural Development in Nigeria” in Monday B. Abasiattai, Ignatius I. Ukpong and Godwin J. Esenowo (eds). The Nigerian Nation: Nigerian Peoples and Cultures, Uyo: University of Uyo Press, pp. 309-310.

10) National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) 2020 Second Quarter Report.

11) Okoko, A. B. Kimse and Ibaba S. Ibaba “Oil Spillages and Community Disturbances: The SPDC and the Niger Delta Experience” The Nigerian Journal of Oil, and Politics (OPJON) vol. one, number one September, 1997 University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt pp. 56-67.

12) Okorosaye-Orubite, Anyamebo K. (2008) “Education and Sustainable Development in the Niger Delta: The Role of the Youth” Paper presented at the International Conference on the Nigerian State, Oil Industry and the Niger Delta, organized by the Department of Political Science, Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State, March 11-13, 2008 pp. 1002-1013.

13) Orukpe, Williams Ehizuwa and Mary Uhunoma Isibor (2018) “Undemocratic Democracy, Dysfunctional Governance, and Insecurity in Post-Colonial Nigeria: Interrogating the Trinity of Relationship” Willberforce Island Journal of History Vol. 3 December 2018 pp. 199-225.

14) Oyoubaire, Sam (1992) “Political Developments in Nigeria” in Okon Edet Uya (ed) Contemporary Nigeria: Essays in Society, Politics and Economy, Buenos Aires: EDIPUBLI S.A. p. 32.

15) Ubongabasi Ebenezar Israel and Maclean Donald Mbikan (2021:56) EC RTD-UK https://www.eajournals.org/URL:https://doi.org/10-377745/Ijphg.13.

16) Urua, Eno-Abasi (2004) “Language and Language Groups in Nigeria” Monday B. Abasiattai, Ignatius I. Ukpong and Godwin J. Esenowo (eds). The Nigerian Nation: Nigerian Peoples and Cultures, Uyo: University of Uyo Press, pp. 134-135.

17) Uya, Okon Edet (1984) A History of Oron People of the Lower Cross River Basin, Oron: Manson Publishing company, pp. 29-31.

Volume 05 Issue 09 September 2022

There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.


Our Services and Policies

Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.

The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.

Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 07 Issue 05 (May 2024).

PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 May 2024 .
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online

Why with us

International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis is better then other journals because:-
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.

The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.

Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.

Indexed In
Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar Avatar