1Moath F. Alsarah, 1Mohammed A. Elgadra, 1Ali Alhamali, 2Gamal W. Maree, 2Basma F. Idris, 1,3Abeer H. A. Amer
1Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya
2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi- Libya.
1,3Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Libyan International Medical University, Benghazi, Libya and Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Benghazi, Benghazi- Libya
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i10-15Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
Background:
Limited research exists on how geographic location and environmental factors influence kidney function. This study investigates potential variations in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) levels between individuals residing in the coastal and desert regions of Libya.
Methods:
An observational, retrospective analysis was conducted using medical records. Participants (n=260) were recruited from Benghazi (coastal) and Jalu/Samnu/Sabha (desert) regions. Inclusion criteria included age range (18-90 years) and residency in the designated location. Exclusion criteria focused on factors affecting GFR (e.g., pre-existing kidney disease). GFR was estimated using the CKD-EPI formula. BUN levels were obtained from medical records. T-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis.
Results:
The final sample size (after exclusions) and participant demographics was 134 participants. The study found no statistically significant difference in GFR between the coastal and desert groups (p-value = 0.238). However, BUN levels were significantly higher in the desert group (mean = 28.2 SD = 30.5) compared to the coastal group (mean = 15.5, SD = 10.5) with a p-value of (p-value = 0.026).
Conclusion:
This study did not identify a significant association between GFR and geographic location (coastal vs. desert) within Libya. However, BUN levels were significantly higher in the desert population, suggesting potential differences in kidney function or contributing factors that warrant further investigation.
Kidney Function, Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Libya, Geographic Variation.
REFERENCES1) Mitchell H. Rosner, and W. Kline Bolton (2006) Renal Function Testing. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 47(1):174-183.
2) Nakanga WP, Prynn JE, Banda L et al. (2019) Prevalence of impaired renal function among rural and urban populations: findings of a cross-sectional study in Malawi. Wellcome Open Research, 4:92 a. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15255.1
3) Liu Q, Li Z, Wang H, Chen X, Dong X, et al. (2012) High Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors for Impaired Renal Function and Urinary Abnormalities in a Rural Adult Population from Southern China. PLoS ONE 7(10): e47100. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047100
4) Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, et al. (2007) Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 298: 2038–2047.
5) Zhang L, Zhang P, Wang F, Zuo L, Zhou Y, et al. (2008) Prevalence and factors associated with CKD: a population study from Beijing. Am J Kidney Dis 51: 373–384.
6) Bello AK, Nwankwo E, El Nahas AM (2005) Prevention of chronic kidney disease: a global challenge. Kidney Int Suppl 98: S11–S17.
7) Levey AS, Atkins R, Coresh J, Cohen EP, Collins AJ, et al. (2007) Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives - a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Kidney Int 72: 247–259.
8) Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS (2003) Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis 41: 1–12.
9) Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, Manzi J, Kusek JW, et al. (2007) Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 298: 2038–2047.
10) Zhang L, Zhang P, Wang F, Zuo L, Zhou Y, et al. (2008) Prevalence and factors associated with CKD: a population study from Beijing. Am J Kidney Dis 51: 373–384.
11) Chadban SJ, Briganti EM, Kerr PG, Dunstan DW, Welborn TA, et al. (2003) Prevalence of kidney damage in Australian adults: The AusDiab kidney study. J Am Soc Nephrol 14 (7 Suppl 2): S131–138.
12) Wei X, Li Z, Chen W, Mao H, Li Z, et al. (2012) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease in First-Degree Relatives of CKD Patients in Southern China. Nephrology (Carlton) 17: 123–130.
13) Altaworghei, A. Al-saqer,E. Erhoma, E. Sabei, T. and Abukres, S. (2019) Chronic Kidney disease among a sample of Libyan population: What are the leading risk factors? Lebda Medical Journal, 6; p.221-224
14) National Kidney Foundation. GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate). Available at: a. https://www.kidney.org/professionals/KDOQI/gfr Accessed April 22, 2024.
15) National Kidney Foundation. CKD-EPI Equation. Available at: a. https://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/gfr_calculator/formula Accessed April 22, 2024.
16) Kovesdy CP. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney international supplements. 2022 Apr 1;12(1):7-11.
17) Mayo Clinic. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/blood-urea-nitrogen/about/pac-20384821?links=false&_escaped_fragment_=&p=1 Accessed April 22, 2024.
18) Sellami M, Cheikh MB, Najjar MF, Impact of hot climate on renal function in healthy young adults. Int Urol Nephrol. 2012;44(2):392-397. doi:10.1007/s11255-011-0012-0
19) Khan NU, Pervez S, Nawaz S, Dehydration and variations in serum electrolytes and kidney function tests. Cureus. 2020;12(10):e10829. doi:10.7759/cureus.10829
20) Ephraim RK, Asamoah CA, Abaka-Yawson A, Kwadzokpui PK, Adusei S. Climate change causes changes in biochemical markers of kidney disease. BMC nephrology. 2020 Dec;21:1-8.
21) Nakamura Y, Watanabe H, Tanaka A, Yasui M, Nishihira J, Murayama N. Effect of increased daily water intake and hydration on health in Japanese adults. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 23;12(4):1191.
22) Eimery S, Tangestani H, Mansouri S, Kordvarkaneh H, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Shab-Bidar S. Association between dietary patterns with kidney function and serum highly sensitive C-reactive protein in Tehranian elderly: An observational study. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2020 Jan 1;25(1):19.
23) Urea Nitrogen Blood Level. In: Nursing and Health Professions. ScienceDirect. Available at: a. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/nursing-and-health-professions/urea-nitrogen-blood-level. Accessed April 22, 2024.
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024
There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 07 Issue 12 (December 2024).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 December 2024 .
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.