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Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024

The Temple as a Tangible Heritage of India: A Living Testament to Culture, Spirituality, and Architecture
Romika Bassin
Assistant Professor in Histor yGCW Kathua Under supervision Prof, Poonam Choudhary Centre for Studies in Museology University of Jammu
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v7-i10-14

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ABSTRACT:

The temples of India stand as a remarkable testimony to the nation’s spiritual, cultural, and architectural heritage. This paper delves into the multifaceted role of temples as tangible heritage, tracing their evolution from the early Gupta period to the architectural marvels of the Chola and Chandela dynasties. It explores the architectural diversity across regions, from the Nagara and Dravida styles to the unique Kalinga and Vesara forms. Temples are not just religious spaces but have historically served as cultural, social, and economic centers, nurturing art, education, and local economies. Their architectural brilliance, rich symbolism, and sacred geometry embody profound spiritual philosophies. Moreover, temples reflect the political and social history of India, with kings commissioning grand edifices to solidify their rule and connect with the divine. The preservation of these temples, many of which are threatened by neglect, environmental factors, and human activity, is crucial. Governmental and international efforts, including UNESCO designations, play a significant role in conserving these living monuments. As India modernizes, safeguarding its temple heritage is essential to maintaining the continuity of its cultural and spiritual identity for future generations.

KEYWORDS:

Nagara ,Dravidan, Vesara, Garbhagriha, Shikhara

REFERENCES
1) Brown, Percy. Indian Architecture: Buddhist and Hindu Periods. D. B. Taraporevala Sons & Co., 1956.

2) Harle, J.C. The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press, 1994.

3) Michell, George. The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. University of Chicago Press, 1988.

4) Dehejia, Vidya. Indian Art. Phaidon, 1997.

5) Meister, Michael W. The Arts of India: From Prehistoric to Modern Times. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp., 1983.

6) Dhaky, M.A. Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation. Abhinav Publications, 1995.

7) Kramrisch, Stella. The Hindu Temple: Volume I & II. Motilal Banarsidass, 1976.

8) Fergusson, James. History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. John Murray, 1910.

9) Hardy, Adam. Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja’s Samaranganasutradhara and the Bhojpur Line Drawings. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, 2015.

10) Ramaswamy, Vijaya. Devotional Sovereignty: Kingship and Religion in India. Cambridge University Press, 2016.

11) Saraswati, S.K. Indian Sculpture and Painting: An Introduction to Indian Art. Calcutta University Press, 1957.

12) Kain, Roger. "Conservation and Management of Historical Temples in India: A Case Study of Konark and Khajuraho." Heritage and Conservation Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, 2018, pp. 45-67.

13) Singh, Amar. "Preserving the Sacred: The Role of Temples in Cultural Continuity." South Asian Cultural Studies, vol. 19, no. 4, 2020, pp. 120-142.

14) UNESCO World Heritage Centre. The World Heritage List: Khajuraho Group of Monuments, India. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/240/. Accessed 15 August 2023.
Volume 07 Issue 10 October 2024

There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.


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