1Leonidas Mindrinos, 2Panagiotis Panagiotopoulos
1,2Agricultural University of Athens
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i9-73Google Scholar Download Pdf
SUMMARY:
The concept of sustainable development, in recent years if not decades, has been introduced into all individual forms of development regardless of sector or economy. It has been realized internationally that when development does not become sustainable it will soon cease to exist. In previous years, there have been attempts to measure development and sustainability mainly by the United Nations but also by many scholars. This process resulted in the construction of 50 main and 46 secondary indicators for sustainable development in 2007, which differ from the indicators that determine the percentage of achievement of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals as set in 2015. In previous works (Panagiotopoulos et al. 2022) an attempt was made to categorize the 96 Sustainable Development indicators of the U.N. according to Maslow's pyramid of needs and Bossel's indicator categories. With this combination, the pyramid of sustainable development was formed, in which the individual indicators are distributed. The purpose of this categorization was to investigate the contribution of certain economic aspects of human life to sustainable development based on the individual indicators as well as its extent within the categories of the pyramid. Schematically, the pyramid assists in visualizing the contribution to sustainable development of the subject being examined. From the above correlation and the corresponding categorization, an attempt is made to give weight to each indicator with the ultimate goal of creating a matrix of performance of specific scores for the objects under consideration, always in relation to sustainable development. It is reported that the specific way of scoring differs from the way of measuring states’ sustainable development according to the United Nations (U.N. 2022).
KEYWORDS:Sustainable development, indicators, Sustainable development pyramid, weight.
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Appendix
1. Income poverty (2 indicators) - Proportion of population living below national poverty line (1.1) and Proportion of population below $1 a day (1.2).
2. Ratio of share in national income of highest to lowest quintile (2.1).
3. Sanitation - Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility (3.1).
4. Drinking water - Proportion of population using an improved water source (4.1).
5. Access to energy (2 indicators) - Share of households without electricity or other modern energy services (5.1) and Percentage of population using solid fuels for cooking (5.2).
6. Living conditions - Proportion of urban population living in slums (6.1).
7. Corruption - Percentage of population having paid bribes (7.1)
8. Crime - Number of intentional homicides per 100,000 population (8.1).
9. Mortality (3 indicators) - Under-five mortality rate (9.1), Life expectancy at birth (9.2) and Healthy life expectancy at birth (9.3).
10. Health care delivery (3 indicators) - Percent of population with access to primary health care facilities (10.1), Immunization against infectious childhood diseases (10.2) and Contraceptive prevalence rate (10.3).
11. Nutritional status - Nutritional status of children (11.1).
12. Health status and risks (3 indicators) - Morbidity of major diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis (12.1), Prevalence of tobacco use (12.2) and Suicide rate (12.3).
13. Education level (4 indicators) - Gross intake ratio to last grade of primary education (13.1), Net enrolment rate in primary education (13.2), Adult secondary (tertiary) schooling attainment level (13.3), and Life long learning (13.4).
14. Literacy – Adult literacy rate (14.1).
15. Population (3 indicators) - Population growth rate (15.1), Dependency ratio (15.2) and Total fertility rate (15.3).
16. Tourism - Ratio of local residents to tourists in major tourist regions and destinations (16.1).
17. Vulnerability to natural hazards - Percentage of population living in hazard prone areas (17.1).
18. Disaster preparedness and response - Human and economic loss due to natural disasters (18.1).
19. Climate change (2 indicators) - Carbon dioxide emissions (19.1) and Emissions of greenhouse gases (19.2).
20. Ozone layer depletion - Consumption of ozone depleting substances (20.1).
21. Air quality - Ambient concentration of air pollutants in urban areas (21.1).
22. Land use and status (2 indicators) - Land use change (22.1) and Land degradation (22.2).
23. Desertification - Land affected by desertification (23.1).
24. Agriculture (4 indicators) - Arable and permanent cropland area (24.1), Fertilizer use efficiency (24.2), Use of agricultural pesticides (24.3) και Area under organic farming (24.4).
25. Forests (3 indicators) - Proportion of land area covered by forests (25.1), Percent of forest trees damaged by defoliation (25.2) and Area of forest under sustainable forest management (25.3).
26. Coastal zone (δύο δείκτες) - Percentage of total population living in coastal areas (26.1) and Bathing water quality (26.2).
27. Fisheries - Proportion of fish stocks within safe biological limits (27.1).
28. Marine environment (3 indicators) - Proportion of marine area protected (28.1), Marine trophic index (28.2) and Area of coral reef ecosystems and percentage live cover (28.3).
29. Water quantity (2 indicators) - Proportion of total water resources used (29.1) and Water use intensity by economic activity (29.2).
30. Water quality (3 indicators) - Presence of faecal coliforms in freshwater (30.1), Biochemical oxygen demand in water bodies (30.2) and Wastewater treatment (30.3).
31. Ecosystem (4 indicators) - Proportion of terrestrial area protected, total and by ecological region (31.1), Management effectiveness of protected areas (31.2), Area of selected key ecosystems (31.3) and Fragmentation of habitats (31.4).
32. Species (3 indicators) - Change in threat status of species (32.1), Abundance of selected key species (32.2) and Abundance of invasive alien species (32.3).
33. Macroeconomic performance (5 indicators) - Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (33.1), Investment share in GDP (33.2), Gross saving (33.3), Adjusted net savings as percentage of gross national income (GNI) (33.4) and Inflation rate (33.5).
34. Sustainable public finance - Debt to GNI ratio (34.1).
35. Employment (4 indicators) – Employment-population ratio (35.1), Labor productivity and unit labor costs (35.2), Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector (35.3) and Vulnerable employment (35.4).
36. Information and communication technologies (3 indicators) - Internet users per 100 population (36.1), Fixed telephone lines per 100 population (36.2) and Mobile cellular telephone subscribers per 100 population (36.3).
37. Research and development - Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as a percent of GDP (37.1).
38. Tourism - Tourism contribution to GDP (38.1).
39. Trade (3 indicators) - Current account deficit as percentage of GDP (39.1), Share of imports from developing countries and from LDCs (39.2), Average tariff barriers imposed on exports from developing countries and LDCs (39.3).
40. External financing (3 indicators) - Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) given or received as a percentage of GNI (40.1), Foreign direct investment (FDI) net inflows and net outflows as percentage of GDP (40.2) and Remittances as percentage of GNI (40.3).
41. Material consumption (2 indicators) - Material intensity of the economy (41.1), Domestic material consumption (41.2).
42. Energy use (3 indicators) - Annual energy consumption, total and by main user category (42.1), Intensity of energy use, total and by economic activity (42.2) and Share of renewable energy sources in total energy use (42.3).
43. Waste generation and management (4 indicators) - Generation of hazardous waste (43.1), Waste treatment and disposal (43.2), Generation of waste (43.3) and Management of radioactive waste (43.4).
44. Transportation (3 indicators) - Modal split of passenger transportation (44.1), Modal split of freight transport (44.2) and Energy intensity of transport (44.3).
Volume 06 Issue 09 September 2023
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