¹Ewaoche Sunday Itodo,²Andrew Nuhu Yashim,³Haruna Lusa Yadock

^1,2,3Department of Medical Laboratory Science Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences College of Medicine and Health sciences Baze University, Abuja

The effectiveness of antibiotics in treating infections in patients is declining as antibiotic-resistant bacteria become alarmingly powerful. We might be failing to understand the cliche that the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is caused by the overuse and abuse of antibiotics. The high cost of pharmaceuticals serves as an example of the failure of the current system. One medicine costs over $5 billion and takes 15 years to create. There is minimal input into the open-loop system that produces new medications. Because pharmaceuticals are not tailored, this ineffective method produces drugs that are dangerous to the majority of the target population and only work for a small portion of that population. This issue can only be resolved by a complete return to nature rather than by just increasing R&D spending.

antimicrobial resistance, combinatorial chemistry, directed synthesis, diverse molecular targets, R&D

1) Tolulope A, Ewaoche IS, Ibemologi A, et al. UreC and ZapA virulence genes amplification in clinical specimen of Proteus mirabilis in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. J Microbiol Exp. 2021;9(1):15-20. DOI: 10.15406/jmen.2021.09.00317)

2) Dhingra S, Rahman NAA, Peile E, Rahman M, Sartelli M, Hassali MA, Islam T, Islam S and Haque M. Microbial Resistance Movements: An Overview of Global Public Health Threats Posed by Antimicrobial Resistance, and How Best to Counter. Front. Public Health2020, 8:535668. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.535668

3) O’Neill, J. (2016). Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations. Retrieved (April 4, 2020) from https://amr- review.org/sites/default/files/160518_Final%20paper_with%20cover.pdf

4) Global Research on Antimicrobial Resistance, 2022.

5) Chambers, H. F., & Deleo, F. R.Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era. Nature reviews. Microbiology2009, 7(9), 629–641. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2200

6) Willmann, J.K., van Bruggen, N., Dinkelborg, L.M. and Gambhir, S.S. ‘Molecular imaging in drug development’, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery,2008. Vol. 7, 607.

7) Halpern, B. S., Longo, C., Hardy, D., McLeod, K. L., Samhouri, J. F., Katona, S. K., et al. an index to assess the health and benefits of the global ocean. Nature 2012. 488, 615–620

8) Woodcock, J. ‘The prospects for ‘personalized medicine’, Drug Development and Drug Therapy2007, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp.64– 169.

VOLUME 06 ISSUE 06 JUNE 2023

There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.