1Somephet San,2Sisoury Phommaseng,3Bounthavy Keobounkhong,4Phothong Sathamma
1,2,3,4Faculty of Languages, Souphanouvong University, Laos
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i3-28Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
The main purpose of the study was to examine the major barriers faced by Akha and Khmu ethnic minority children in attending rural primary schools in Samphan District, Phongsaly Province, and Lao PDR.
The convergent parallel mixed method design was employed for an in-depth investigation. The primary data was collected by combining a questionnaire and a focus group interview with parents, teachers, education staff, and community leaders. Samples were selected through non-probability and purposive sampling techniques.
The present study found that family poverty, child labour, parental divorce, parental deaths, a lack of learning materials, the language of instruction, a water shortage, parental gender bias, and parental devaluation of education were identified as major barriers to Akha and Khmu ethnic minority children attending rural primary schools.
Primary School Access, Rural Schools, Ethnic Minority Student, Barrier, Rural Primary Schools
REFERENCES
1) Ali, I. M. (2020). Child labor and its effects in public primary schools in Dadaab Sub County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Chuka University).
2) Ananga, E. (2011). Dropping out of school in Southern Ghana: The push-out and pull-out factors. CRATE Pathways to Access. Research Monograph No. 55
3) Bhatti, M. I., & Awan, A. G. (2019). Socio-economic determinants of elementary school enrollment in Pakistan. Global Journal of Management, Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(4), 645-679. DOI: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5767-6229
4) Batool SM & Liu Z. (2021). Exploring the relationships between socio-economic indicators and student enrollment in higher education institutions of Pakistan. PLoS ONE 16 (12): e0261577. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261577
5) Bernhofer, J., & Tonin, M. (2022). The effect of the language of instruction on academic performance. Labour Economics, 78, 102218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2022.102218
6) Blaabæk, E. H., Jæger, M. M., & Molitoris, J. (2020). Family size and educational attainment: Cousins, contexts, and compensation. European Journal of Population, 36, 575-600. doi: 10.1007/s10680-019-09543-y
7) Broberg G, Wang J, Östberg A-L, Adolfsson A, Nemes S, Sparén P, et al. (2018). Socio-economic and demographic determinants affecting participation in the Swedish cervical screening program: A population-based case-control study. PLoS ONE 13 (1): e0190171. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190171
8) Drajeaa, A. J., & O'Sullivan, C. (2020). The influence of parental education and family income on children's education in Rural Uganda. Global Education Review, 1(3).
9) Choudhuri, P., & Desai, S. (2021). Lack of access to clean fuel and piped water and children’s educational outcomes in rural India. World Development, 145, 105535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105535
10) Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative (Vol. 7). Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
11) Dunusinghe, P. (2021). Impact of Parental Migration on Children’s Educational Performance: Evidence from Sri Lanka. Journal of Economics and Development Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 35-49. DOI: 10.15640/jeds.v9n1a4
12) Government of the Lao PDR. (2021). Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (Voluntary National Review). Viewed on 7 Feb 2023 https://laopdr.un.org/sites/default/files/2019-08/2018%20VNR_0.pdf
13) Gu, X., Hua, S., McKenzie, T., & Zheng, Y. (2022). Like father, like son? Parental input, access to higher education, and social mobility in China. China Economic Review, 72, 101761.
14) Hossain, A. (2010). Age in Grade Congruence and Progression in Basic Education in Bangladesh. CREATE Pathways to Access. Research Monograph No. 48.
15) Kim, J., & Jun, M. (2022). Money, a Drain of Educational Opportunity: A Microregional Study of School Dropouts in Mpigi, Uganda. Sustainability, 14(10), 5875. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14105875
16) Kitambazi, A., & Lyamuya, R. (2022). Effects of child labour on school attendance in Muheza District, Tanzania. East African Journal of Education Studies, 5(4), 1-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37284/2707-3947
17) Komarulzaman, A., de Jong, E., & Smits, J. (2019). Effects of water and health on primary school enrolment and absenteeism in Indonesia. Journal of Water and Health, 17(4), 633-646. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.044
18) Lewis, M., & Lockheed, M. (2007). Exclusion, gender and education. Case studies from the developing world. A companion volume to inexcusable absence. Washington DC.
19) Marchetta, F., & Sim, S. (2021). The effect of parental migration on the schooling of children left behind in rural Cambodia. World Development, 146, 105593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105593
20) Ministry of Education and Sports; Department of Planning and Center for Education and Sports Statistics (2019). Educational statistics for academic year 2019–2020. Viewed on 10th Feb 2023 http://www.moes.edu.la/moes/images/statistic/Annual-school-census-2019-2020_No-formulas.pdf
21) Ministry of Education and Sports. (2009). Education sector development framework 2009-2015. Viewed on 2 Feb 2023 https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/en/2009/education-sector-development-framework-2009-2015-esdf-lao-and-english-4697
22) Ministry of Education and Sports. (2015). Education and Sports Sector Development Plan 2021-2025. Viewed on 6 Feb 2023 https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ressources/lao_education_development_plan_2011-2025_en.pdf
23) Ministry of Education and Sports. (2015). Vision 2030 and strategy 2025 and education sector development plan (2016-2020). Viewed on 6 Feb 2023 http://www.moes.edu.la/moes/images/publication/ESDP8.pdf
24) Ministry of Planning and Investment. (2021). The seventh five-year national socio-economic development plan 2021-2025. Viewed on 2 Feb 2023 https://www.undp.org/laopdr/publications/7th-five-year-national-socio-economic-development-plan-2011-2015
25) Mpyangu, C.M., Ochen, E.A., Onyango, E.O., & Lubaale, Y.A.M. (2014). Out of school children study in Uganda. Viewed on 11th Feb 2023, https://gcap.global/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/OUT_OF_SCHOOL_CHILDREN_STUDY_REPORT__FINAL_REPORT_2014.pdf
26) National Assembly. (20215). Education law. Vientiane Capital. Viewed on 23th Feb 2023, https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=100539&p_count=4&p_classification=09
27) Nelson, G. L. M., & Quiton, J. D. (2018). Child labor and its effects on schooling, health and recreation of Filipino children. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS], 26(1), 68-82. DOI: 10.25133/JPSSv26n1.006
28) Nyamubi, G.J. (2015). The impact of child labor on primary school children’s access to and participation in basic education in Tanzania. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, Vol. 13, 32-34.
29) Ryan, G. W., & Bernard, H. R. (2003). Techniques to identify themes. Field methods, 15(1), 85-109. Viewed on 9th Feb 2023, http://www.acrn.eu/cambridge/downloads/files/QualitativeCoding.pdf
30) Sadiman, A. S. (2004, November). Challenges in education in Southeast Asia. In International Seminar on Towards Cross Border Cooperation between South and Southeast Asia: The Importance of India’s North East Playing Bridge and Buffer Role, Kaziranga, India (pp. 16-19).
31) Scholar, A. (2020). Effect of Family Size and Parents’ Income on Children’s Access to Education in Maiduguri Metropolis, Borno State, Nigeria Mala Kulloma. African Scholars Journal of Contemporary Education Research (JCER-8),
32) Shen, Y. (2017). The effect of family size on children's education: Evidence from the fertility control policy in China. Frontiers of Economics in China, 12(1). 37‒65 https://doi.org/10.3868/s060-006-017-0003-3
33) Staneva, A., Usmanb, M. A., & Carmignania, F. (2021). Child development impact of water scarcity: Evidence from Ethiopia. https://www.un.org/ldc5/sites/www.un.org.ldc5/files/child_development_impact_of_water_scarcity_-_anita_staneva.pdf
34) Tighe, Lauren A. and Davis-Kean, Pamela E. (2021). The influence of college education on parents and children in low-income families. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Vol. 67: Iss. 3, https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/mpq/vol67/iss3/3/
35) Thurston, P., & Salmon, J. (2022). Factors influencing retention of students for independent school re-enrollment. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 31(1), 47-69.
36) Trudell, B. (2016). Language choice and education quality in Eastern and Southern Africa: A review. Comparative education, 52(3), 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2022.2032891
37) UNESCO. (2021). Lao PDR case study: Situation analysis on the effects of and responses to COVID-19 on the education sector in Asia. Viewed on 10th Feb https://www.unicef.org/eap/media/9336/file/Sit%20An%20-%20Lao%20PDR%20case%20study.pdf
38) UNESCO. (2019). Meeting commitments: Are countries on track to achieve SDG4? UNESCO Institute for Statistics and the Global Education Monitoring Report. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000369009/PDF/369009eng.pdf.multi
39) UNESCO. (2016). If you don’t understand, how can you learn? Policy paper 24 of Global Education Monitoring Report. Paris: UNESCO.
40) UNICEF. (2021). The impact of water scarcity on children in the Middle East and North Africa. file:///C:/Users/sp/Desktop/Challenges/Water%20and%20education/jwh017063399967.pdf
41) UNICEF & UNESCO. (2014). Global initiative on out-of-school children: A situational study of India. UNESCO Institutes for Statistics. Viewed on 13th Feb 2023, https://www.allinschool.org/media/1866/file/India-OOSCI-Country-Study-2014-en.pdf
42) UNICEF & UNESCO. (2015). Global initiative on out-of-school children: Ghana country study. UNESCO Institutes for Statistics. Viewed on 12th Feb 2023, https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000221302
43) United Nations. (1949). United Nations universal declaration of human rights 1948. Viewed on 5th Feb 2023, https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
44) Wassink, J. T., & Viera, J. A. (2021). Does parental migration during childhood affect children's lifetime educational attainment? Evidence from Mexico. Demography, 58(5), 1765-1792. https://doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9411336
45) World Bank. (2005). Gender issues in child labor. Poverty reduction and economic management network. No. 33753.
46) Yin, R.K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York, USA: The Guilford Press. Viewed on 10th Feb 2023, http://eli.johogo.com/Class/Qualitative%20Research.pdf
VOLUME 06 ISSUE 03 MARCH 2023
There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 07 Issue 12 (December 2024).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 December 2024 .
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.