1Cau Kim Jiu,2Eristia Novarianda,3Usman,4Hartono,5Wuriani,6Kartika Setia Purdani,7Afriyanto
1,2,3,4,5 Nursing Department, Institut Teknologi dan Kesehatan Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Barat, Pontianak-West Kalimantan.Indonesia
6Nursing Study Program, Faculty of Health and Pharmacy, University of Muhammadiyah East Kalimantan, Indonesia
7Faculty of Health Science, Public Health Department, University Muhammadiyah Bengkulu, Indonesia
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v6-i2-09Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
Taking care of a family member(s) who suffers from stroke at home especially during the covid-19 pandemic time is unquestionably not easy. This study aimed at exploring the experience of family-caregivers in caring for post-stroke patients at home during the covid-19 pandemic. This qualitative research employed a phenomenological approach with participants consisting of 14 family members who have been caring for post-stroke patients at home during the Covid-19 pandemic in the Pontianak City area. This research began with observation for 3 months which was then followed by interviews and FGDs. The data obtained from the results of in-depth interviews and FGDs were processed using content analysis. The result of his study generated 5 themes regarding the experience of family caregivers in caring for post-stroke patients at home during the Covid-19 pandemic including 1) Changes in caregiver roles, 2) engagement values, 3) spiritual values, 4) Isolation in the surrounding community, 5) The experience of situational anxiety. Considering that both stroke survivors and caregivers of post-stroke patients do not only face several problems and conditions related to stroke and stroke recovery as well as community stigma, but several live scenarios are also provided for them especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, further community reintegration ought to exist in the rehabilitation where it can prepare someone who used to suffer from stroke to have ability to do self-reorganization psychologically, physically and socially.
KEYWORDS:caregiver, covid-19, experience, family, post-stroke
REFERENCES
1) AARP. (2019). A New Generation Discovers the Rewards of Caregiving. AARP Magazine.
https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/stories/caregiver-roles/#:~:text=The Changing Roles of the Caregiver&text=Besides
juggling multiple responsibilities at,of weeks%2C months and years.
2) Agianto and Nuntaboot, K. (2018). Role and function of family in care of patients with stroke in community. Dunia
Keperawatan, 6(1), 134–144.
3) AHA. (2021). 2021 Heart Disease & stroke statistical update fact sheet global burden of disease. American Heart
Association, Cvd, 1–3.
4) Araújo, É. D. F., Viana, R. T., Teixeira-Salmela, L. F., Lima, L. A. O., & De Morais Faria, C. D. C. (2019). Self-rated health
after stroke: A systematic review of the literature. BMC Neurology, 19(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-019-
1448-6
5) Avvantaggiato, C., Amoruso, L., P, L. M. M., Mimmo, M. A., M, D. B., Cinone, N., Santoro, L., Stuppiello, L., Turitto, A.,
Ciritella, C., Fiore, P., & Santamato, A. (2021). Ischemic Stroke in a 29-Year-Old Patient with COVID-19 : A Case Report.
334–340. https://doi.org/10.1159/000515457
6) Bettger, H. &. (2018). Parenting after stroke: a systematic review. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 25(5), 384–392.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10749357.2018.1452366
7) Broussy, S., Rouanet, F., Lesaine, E., Domecq, S., Kret, M., Maugeais, M., Aly, F., Dehail, P., Bénard, A., Wittwer, J.,
Salamon, R., Sibon, I., & Saillour-Glenisson, F. (2019). Post-stroke pathway analysis and link with one year sequelae in a
French cohort of stroke patients: The PAPASePA protocol study. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4522-2
8) Burns, S. P., Fleming, T. K., Webb, S. S., Kam, A. S. H., Fielder, J. D. P., Kim, G. J., Hu, X., Hill, M. T., & Kringle, E. A. (2022).
Stroke Recovery During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Position Paper on Recommendations for Rehabilitation. Archives of
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2022.04.004
9) De Campos, L. M., Martins, B. M., Cabral, N. L., Franco, S. C., Pontes-Neto, O. M., Mazin, S. C., & Dos Reis, F. I. (2017).
How many patients become functionally dependent after a stroke? A 3-year population-based study in Joinville, Brazil.
PLoS ONE, 12(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170204
10) Deng, C. Y., Lu, Q., Yang, L., Wu, R., Liu, Y., Li, L. Y., Cheng, S., Wei, S., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Fu, L., & Yue, Z. (2019). Factors
associated with stigma in community-dwelling stroke survivors in China: A cross-sectional study. Journal of the
Neurological Sciences, 407(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2019.116459
11) Department of Health of Samarinda Province. (2017). The East Kalimantan Health Profile in 2017
12) Dula, A. N., Brown, G. G., Aggarwal, A., & Clark, K. L. (2020). Decrease in stroke diagnoses during the COVID-19
pandemic: Where did all our stroke patients go? JMIR Aging, 3(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2196/21608
13) Frumkin, H., & Haines, A. (2019). Global Environmental Change and Noncommunicable Disease Risks. Annual Review of
Public Health, 40(1), 261–282. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043706
14) Garnett, A., Ploeg, J., Markle-Reid, M., & Strachan, P. H. (2022). Factors impacting the access and use of formal health
and social services by caregivers of stroke survivors: an interpretive description study. BMC Health Services Research,
22(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-07804-x
15) Gillespie, D., & Campbell, F. (2011). Effect of stroke on family carers and family relationships. Nursing Standard (Royal
College of Nursing (Great Britain): 1987), 26(2), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2011.09.26.2.39.c8707
16) Goshua, G., Pine, A. B., Meizlish, M. L., Chang, C. H., Zhang, H., Bahel, P., Baluha, A., Bar, N., Bona, R. D., Burns, A. J., Dela
Cruz, C. S., Dumont, A., Halene, S., Hwa, J., Koff, J., Menninger, H., Neparidze, N., Price, C., Siner, J. M., … Lee, A. I. (2020).
Endotheliopathy in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: evidence from a single-centre, cross-sectional study. The Lancet
Haematology, 7(8), e575–e582. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30216-7
17) Haley, W. E., Marino, V. R., Sheehan, O. C., Rhodes, J. D., Kissela, B., & Roth, D. L. (2019). Stroke Survivor and Family
Caregiver Reports of Caregiver Engagement in Stroke Care. Rehabilitation Nursing, 44(6), 302–310.
https://doi.org/10.1097/rnj.0000000000000100
18) Hesamzadeh, Dalvandi, Maddah, et all. (2015). Family adaptation to stroke: A metasynthesis of qualitative research
based on double ABCX model. Asian Nursing Research, 9(3), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2015.03.005
19) Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. (2020). Country Profile of Indonesia. 1–7.
20) Jennifer L. Rowe. (2021). Who Am I Now? The Ever-Changing Role of the Caregiver. TODAY’S CAREGIVER.
http://www.eldercare.gov/
21) Kamalakannan, S., Gudlavalleti Venkata, M., Prost, A., Natarajan, S., Pant, H., Chitalurri, N., Goenka, S., & Kuper, H.
(2016). Rehabilitation Needs of Stroke Survivors After Discharge From Hospital in India. Archives of Physical Medicine
and Rehabilitation, 97(9), 1526-1532.e9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2016.02.008
22) Karunia, E. (2016). The Relationship Between Family Support and Independence Activity of Daily Living Post-Sroke. Jurnal
Psikologi UGM, August, 213–224. https://doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v4i2.2016.213
23) Karuniawati, D. (2017). The Relationship Between Family Support and Depression Levels in Post-Stroke Patients at the
Regional General Hospital dr. Moewardi Surakarta.
24) Kulshreshtha, A., Anderson, L. M., Goyal, A., & Keenan, N. L. (2012). Stroke in South Asia: A systematic review of
epidemiologic literature from 1980 to 2010. Neuroepidemiology, 38(3), 123–129. https://doi.org/10.1159/000336230
25) Lobo, E. H., Abdelrazek, M., Grundy, J., Kensing, F., Livingston, P. M., Rasmussen, L. J., Islam, S. M. S., & Frølich, A. (2021).
Caregiver Engagement in Stroke Care: Opportunities and Challenges in Australia and Denmark. Frontiers in Public Health,
9(November), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.758808
26) Maharani, A., Id, S., Praveen, D., & Id, D. O. (2019). Cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence and estimated 10-year
cardiovascular risk scores in Indonesia: The SMARThealth Extend study. 1–13.
27) Mahyarni, Meflinda, A., & Indrayani, H. (2018). The investigation of the effects of spiritual values and behaviors on
business development and performance of Muslim preneurship. International Journal of Law and Management, 60(2),
730–740. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-03-2017-0027
28) Mao, L., Jin, H., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Chen, S., He, Q., Chang, J., Hong, C., Zhou, Y., Wang, D., Miao, X., Li, Y., & Hu, B. (2020).
Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurology,
77(6), 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127
29) Martinez, R., Lloyd-Sherlock, P., Soliz, P., Ebrahim, S., Vega, E., Ordunez, P., & McKee, M. (2020). Trends in premature
avertable mortality from non-communicable diseases for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a population-based
study. The Lancet Global Health, 8(4), e511–e523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30035-8
30) Mercer, A. J. (2018). Updating the epidemiological transition model. Epidemiology and Infection, 146(6), 680–687.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818000572
31) Nannoni, S., Groot, R. De, Bell, S., & Markus, H. S. (2021). Stroke in COVID-19 : A systematic review and meta-analysis.
16(2), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493020972922
32) Nayeri, D. N. et all. (2014). Investigating the effects of a family-centered care program on stroke patients’ adherence to
their therapeutic regimens. 47(1), 88–96.
33) Northcott, Moss, Harrison, and H. (2015). A systematic review of the impact of stroke on social support and social
networks: Associated factors and patterns of change. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215515602136
34) O’Callaghan, C., Brooker, J., de Silva, W., Glenister, D., Melia, Cert, A., Symons, X., Kissane, D., & Michael, N. (2019).
Patients’ and Caregivers’ Contested Perspectives on Spiritual Care for Those Affected by Advanced Illnesses: A
Qualitative Descriptive Study. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 58(6), 977–988.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2019.08.004
35) Obembe, A., Mapayi, B., Johnson, O., Agunbiade, T., & Emechete, A. (2013). Community reintegration in stroke
survivors: Relationship with motor function and depression. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal, 31(2), 69–74.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hkpj.2013.04.001
36) Pang, M. Y. C. (2013). Community reintegration after stroke. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal, 31(2), 57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hkpj.2013.07.002
37) Pérez-Cruz, M., Parra-Anguita, L., López-Martínez, C., Moreno-Cámara, S., & Del-Pino-Casado, R. (2019). Burden and
anxiety in family caregivers in the hospital that debut in caregiving. International Journal of Environmental Research and
Public Health, 16(20), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203977
38) Philp, I., Brainin, M., Walker, M. F., Ward, A. B., Gillard, P., Shields, A. L., & Norrving, B. (2013). Development of a
poststroke checklist to standardize follow-up care for stroke survivors. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases,
22(7), e173–e180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.10.016
39) Pitthayapong, S., Thiangtam, W., Powwattana, A., Leelacharas, S., & Waters, C. M. (2017). A Community Based Program
for Family Caregivers for Post Stroke Survivors in Thailand. Asian Nursing Research, 11(2), 150–157.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anr.2017.05.009
40) Qi, X., Keith, K. A., & Huang, J. H. (2020). COVID-19 and stroke: A review. January.
41) RAZAK, R. R. A. (2020). Importance of spirituality. New Straits Times.
https://www.nst.com.my/opinion/letters/2020/09/625375/importance-spirituality#:~:text=Religious values in the
spiritual,nature and fellow human beings.
42) Revenson, T. A., Griva, K., Luszczynska, A., Morrison, V., Panagopoulou, E., Vilchinsky, N., & Hagedoorn, M. (2016).
Caregiving in the illness context. In Caregiving in the Illness Context. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137558985
43) Richards, N. C., Gouda, H. N., Durham, J., Rampatige, R., Rodney, A., & Whittaker, M. (2016). Disability,
noncommunicable disease and health information. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 94(3), 230–332.
https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.156869
44) Sama, S. R., Quinn, M. M., Galligan, C. J., Karlsson, N. D., Gore, R. J., Kriebel, D., Prentice, J. C., Osei-Poku, G., Carter, C.
N., Markkanen, P. K., & Lindberg, J. E. (2021). Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Home Health and Home Care
Agency Managers, Clients, and Aides: A Cross-Sectional Survey, March to June, 2020. Home Health Care Management
and Practice, 33(2), 125–129. https://doi.org/10.1177/1084822320980415
45) Sarfo et al. (2017). Stroke-Related Stigma among West Africans: Patterns and Predictors. HHS Public Access, 375, 270–
274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2017.02.018.Stroke-Related
46) Somerville, E., Minor, B., Keglovits, M., Yan, Y., & Stark, S. (2019). Effect of a Novel Transition Program on Disability After
Stroke: A Trial Protocol. JAMA Network Open, 2(10), e1912356. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12356
47) Spence, J. D., Freitas, R. De, & Pettigrew, L. C. (2020). Mechanisms of Stroke in COVID-19. 4, 451–458.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000509581
48) Srivastava, P. K., Zhang, S., Xian, Y., Xu, H., Rutan, C., Alger, H. M., Walchok, J. G., Williams, J. H., De Lemos, J. A., DeckerPalmer, M. R., Alhanti, B., Elkind, M. S. V., Messé, S. R., Smith, E. E., Schwamm, L. H., & Fonarow, G. C. (2021). Treatment
and Outcomes of Patients with Ischemic Stroke during COVID-19: An Analysis from Get with the Guidelines-Stroke.
Stroke, October, 3225–3232. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.034414
49) Sveriges officiella statistik. (2021). Statistics on Stroke 2020. The National Board of Health and Welfare, 1, 2–5.
50) Taneasa White. (2022). What Is Situasional Anxiety? PsychCentral. https://psychcentral.com/anxiety/situationalanxiety#how-to-cope
51) The Health Minister of the Republic Indonesia. (2018a). Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018. In Kementerian
Kesehatan RI. https://doi.org/1 Desember 2013
52) The Health Minister of the Republic Indonesia. (2018b). The Report of Basic Health Research of West Kalimantan in
2018. Dinas Kesehatan Kalimantan Barat, 1–493. https://dinkes.kalbarprov.go.id/wpcontent/uploads/2019/05/Laporan-RKD-2018-Kalbar.pdf
53) Torregosa, Sada, P. (2018). Dealing with stroke: Perspectives from stroke survivors and stroke caregivers from an
underserved Hispanic community. August 2016, 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12414
54) Wang, Y., Tyagi, S., Hoenig, H., Lee, K. E., Venketasubramanian, N., Menon, E., De Silva, D. A., Yap, P., Tan, B. Y., Young, S.
H., Ng, Y. S., Tu, T. M., Ang, Y. H., Kong, K. H., Singh, R., Merchant, R. A., Chang, H. M., Ning, C., Cheong, A., & Koh, G. C.
H. (2021). Burden of informal care in stroke survivors and its determinants: a prospective observational study in an Asian
setting. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11991-3
55) Zarzycki, M., & Morrison, V. (2021). Getting back or giving back: understanding caregiver motivations and willingness to
provide informal care. Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 9(1), 636–661.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21642850.2021.1951737
VOLUME 06 ISSUE 02 FEBRUARY 2023
There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 07 Issue 12 (December 2024).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 December 2024 .
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.