¹Tran Thi Ngan Ha, ²Nguyen Thi Thu Hoa,³ Le Thu Huong,⁴Nguyen Thi Thu Ha

^1,3,4National Academy of Public Administration, Vietnam

²School of Political And Administration Sciences, Vietnam National University Hcmc

While the number of universities in Vietnam has increased dramatically over the past decade, the country's poor quality of higher education has received much attention in recent times. The increasing number of university graduates without jobs and the number of university lecturers switching to other jobs is attracting many studies to find the causes, including public service motivation, job satisfaction, and teaching performance of university lecturers. This study aims to enrich the research literature and examine the role of service motivation as a moderator variable in the relationship between job satisfaction and teaching effectiveness of Vietnamese university lecturers. This study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey using a purposive sampling technique (n=200). Multivariable linear regression analysis and moderator regression were applied to test the proposed research hypotheses. Research results show a positive and significant relationship between satisfaction at work, motivation to serve the public, and teaching effectiveness of Vietnamese university teaching. In particular, public service motivation moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and the teaching performance of university lecturers in this country.

Public service motivation, work enjoyment, teaching performance, biến điều tiết, giảng viên đại học, Vietnam.

1) Anaya D., & Lopez E. (2014). Satisfaction laboral del profesorado en 2012-13 y comparacion con los resultados de 2003-04. Un estudio de ambito nacional [Spanish teachers' job satisfaction in 2012-13 and comparison with job satisfaction in 2003-04. A nationwide study]. Revista de Educacion, 365, 96-121. https://doi.org/10.4438/1988- 592X-RE-2014-365-266.

2) Andersen, L.B., Heinesen, E. & Pedersen, L.H. (2014). How Does Public Service Motivation Among Teachers Affect Student Performance in Schools? Journal of Public Adminstration Research & Theory, 24(3), 651-671.

3) Beck, R. (1983). Motivation: Theories and principles (2nd edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

4) Bellé, N. (2013). Experimental Evidence on the Relationship between Public Service Motivation and Job Performance. Public Administration Review, 73 (1),143-153.

5) Boyne, G.A. (2002). Concepts and indicators of local authority performance: An evaluation of the statutory framework in England and Wales. Public Money and Management, 22 (4), 17-24.

6) Brewer, G. A. (2008). Employee and organizational performance. In J. L. Perry & A. Hondeghem (Eds.), Motivation in Public Management. Oxford University Press.

7) Brewer, G.A. & Selden, S.A. (2000). Why Elephants Gallop: Assessing and Predicting Organi- zational Performance in Federal Agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 10 (4), 685-711.

8) Brewer, G.A. (2006). All measures of performance are subjective: More evidence on US federal agencies. In Public Service Performance, eds Boyne, G.A., Meier, K.J., O’Toole, L.J. & Walker,R.M. (2006) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

9) Brewer, G.A. (2008). Employee and Organizational Performance. In J. L. Perry, & A. Hondeghem (Eds.), Motivation in Public Management: The Call of Public Service (pp. 136-156). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

10) Bright, L. (2007). Does Person-Organization Fit Mediate the Relationship Between Public Service Motivation and the Job Performance of Public Employees? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 27(4), 361-379.

11) Bright, L. (2008). Does Public Service Motivation Really Make a Difference on the Job Satisfaction and Turnover Intentions of Public Employees? The American Review of Public Administration, 38(2), 149-166.

12) Buitendach, J., & De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity, extrinsic & intrinsic job satisfaction and effective organizational commitment of maintenance workers in a parastatal. South African Journal of Business Management, 36(2), 27-37.

13) Cerny, B. A., & Kaiser, H. F. (1977). A study of a measure of sampling adequacy for factor-analytic correlation matrices. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 12(1), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr1201_3.

14) Cheon S. H., Reeve J., Yu T. H., & Jang H. R. (2014). The teacher benefits from giving autonomy support during physical education instruction. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 36(4), 331-346. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep. 2013-0231.

15) Chien, N. B., & Thanh, N. N. (2022). The impact of good governance on the people’s satisfaction with public administrative services in Vietnam. Administrative Sciences, 12(1), 35.

16) Christensen, R.K. & Wright, B.E. (2011). The Effects of Public Service Motivation on Job Choice Decisions: Disentangling the Contributions of Person-Organization Fit and Person-Job Fit. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21(4), 723-743.

17) ChurchilL, G. A, Ford, N. M., & Walker, O. C. (1974). Measuring the Job Satisfaction of Industrial Salesmen. Journal of Marketing Research, 11, 254-260 salesmen.

18) Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02310555.

19) Deci E. L., & Ryan R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum.

20) Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11,227-268.

21) Deci, E.L. et Ryan, R.M. (1991). A motivational approach to self: integration in personality. In Dienstbier, R.A. (Ed), Perspectives on Motivation : Nebraska symposium on motivation 1990, vol.38, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press, p.237- 284.

22) Factors and Levels Associated with Lecturers' Motivation and Job Satisfaction in University of Rwanda. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(30), 188-200.

23) Garcia-Bernal, J., Gargallo-Castel, A., Marzo-Navarro, M., & Rivera-Torres, P. (2005). Job satisfaction: empirical evidence of gender differences. Women in Management Review, 20(4), 279-288.

24) Gould-Williams, J.S., Mostafa, A.M.S. & Bottomley, P. (2013). Public Service Motivation and Employee Outcomes in the Egyptian Public Sector: Testing the Mediating Effect of Person-Organization Fit. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, doi:10.1093/ jopart/mut053.

25) Graham, G. H. (1982). Understanding human relations. The individual, organizations and management. Chicago Inc. USA: Science Research Associates.

26) Griffin, R. W. (2013). Management. Eleventh Ed. Texas A&M University, South Western, Cengage Learning.

27) Ha Nam Khanh Giao, Le Hong Tuyen. (2021). About working motivation of employees working at Vinatex Technical and Economic College in Ho Chi Minh City. Journal of Industry and Trade, 01, 41-49.

28) Han J., & Yin H. (2016). Teacher motivation: Definition, research development and implications for teachers. Cogent Education, 3(1), 1217819. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 2331186X.2016.1217819.

29) Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Bloch, B. (1959). The motivation to work. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

30) Hill, B., & Power. D. (2013). The Pocket Small Business Owner's Guide to Business Plans (Pocket Small Business Owner's Guides) (1st edition). New York City: Allworth Press. Available at http://smallbusiness.chron.com/factors-affecting-employee-performance-978.html. Accessed on 28th July 2017.

31) Houston, D.J. (2011). Implications of Occupational Locus and Focus for Public Service Motivation: Attitudes Toward Work Motives across Nations. Public Administration Review, 71(5), 761-771.

32) Jacobsen, C.B., Hvitved, J. & Andersen, L.B. (2013). Command and Motivation: how the perception of external incentives relates to intrinsic motivation and public service motivation. Public Administration, DOI: 10.1111/padm.12024.

33) Johri, R., Misra, R. K., & Bhattacharjee, S. (2016). Work Passion: Construction of Reliable and Valid Measurement Scale in the Indian Context. Global Business Review, 17(3_suppl), 147S-158S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150916631206.

34) Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575.

35) Kim, S. (2005). Individual-Level Factors and Organizational Performance in Government Organizations. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(2), 245-261.

36) Kim, S. (2006). Public service motivation and organizational citizenship behavior in Korea. Inter- national Journal of Manpower, 27 (8), 722-740.

37) Kim, Sangmook. (2009). Revising Perry's Measurement Scale of Public Service Motivation. American Review of Public Administration - AMER REV PUBLIC ADM, 39, 149-163. 10.1177/0275074008317681.

38) Kinman G., Wray S., & Strange C. (2011). Emotional labor, burnout and job satisfaction in UK teachers: The role of workplace social support. Educational Psychology, 31(7), 843-856. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2011.608650.

39) Kjeldsen, A.M. & Andersen, L.B. (2012). How Pro-social Motivation Affects Job Satisfaction: An International Analysis of Countries with Different Welfare State Regimes. Scandinavian Political Studies, 36(2), 153-176.

40) Kjeldsen, A.M. & Jacobsen, C.B. (2012). Public Service Motivation and Employment Sector: Attrac- tion or Socialization? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(4), 899-926.

41) Kjeldsen, A.M. & Jacobsen, C.B. (2012). Public Service Motivation and Employment Sector: Attrac- tion or Socialization? Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 23(4), 899-926.

42) Kjeldsen, A.M. (2013). Dynamics of Public Service Motivation: Attraction‒Selection and Socializa- tion in the Production and Regulation of Social Services. Public Administration Review, 74(1), 101-112.

43) Koumenta, M. (2015). Public service motivation and organizational citizenship. Public Money & Management, 35(5), 341–348.

44) Legault, Lisa. (2016). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. 10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1139-1.

45) Leisink, P.L.M. & Steijn, B. (2009). Public service motivation and job performance of public sector employees in the Netherlands. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 75(1), 35-52.

46) Lin CY, Updegraff JA, Pakpour AH. (2016). The relationship between the theory of planned behavior and medi- cation adherence in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 61, 231–6.

47) Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M.D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297 - 1349). Chicago: Rand McNally.

48) Luan, N. T., & Thanh, N. N. (2022). The impact of competency factors on job performance: a survey of student affairs staff in Vietnam universities. PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 19(1), 991-1012.

49) Moynihan Vandenabeele, W. (2007). Toward a public administration theory of public service motivation. Public Management Review, 9(4), 545-556.

50) Munyengabe, S., He, H., & Yiyi, Z. (2016). The Analysis of Factors and Levels Associated with Lecturers' Motivation and Job Satisfaction in University of Rwanda. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(30), 188-200.

51) Munyengabe, S., Yiyi, Z., Haiyan, H. & Jiefei, S. (2017). Similarities and Differences in Factors and Levels Associated with Lecturers' Motivation and Job Satisfaction. A Comparative Study between Rwanda and China. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 12(5), 945-964.

52) Naff, K. C., & Crum, J. (1999). Working for America. Does public service motivation make a difference? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 19(4), 5–16.

53) Nelson, D.L. and Quick, J.C. (2003). Organizational Behaviour: Foundation, Realities and Challenges (4th ed.), Australia: Thomson South-Western.

54) Nguyen, N. T., Tran, T. H., & Tran, D. T. (2022). The Relationship between Public Service Motivation, Work Enjoyment, and Task Performance: A Preliminary Study of Healthcare Workers in Vietnam. J. Liberty & Int'l Aff., 8, 47.

55) Ololube, N. P. (2006). Teachers Job Satisfaction and Motivation for School Effectiveness: An Assessment. Essays in Education, 18, 1-19.

56) Osakwe, R. N. (2014). Factors affecting motivation and job satisfaction of academic staff of universities in south-south geopolitical zone of Nigeria. International Education Studies, 7(7), 43-51.

57) Oshagbemi, T., (1999). Academics and their managers: A comparative study in job satisfaction. Personnel Review, 28(1/2), 108-123.

58) Pakpour AH, Gellert P, Asefzadeh S, Updegraff JA, Molloy GJ, Sniehotta FF. (2014). Intention and planning predicting medication adherence following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Journal of Psychoso- matic Research, 77(4), 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2014.07.001 PMID: 25280826.

59) Perry, J. L., & Wise, L. R. (1990). The motivational bases of public service. Public Administration Review, 50(3), 367–373.

60) Perry, J.L. (1996). Measuring Public Service Motivation: An Assessment of Construct Reliability and Validity. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 6(1), 5-22.

61) Pham Thi Tan, Dang Thi Hoa. (2018). Factors affecting the working motivation of lecturers at Vietnam Forestry University. Journal of Forestry Science and Technology Vietnam, 03, 11-21.

62) Ramos-Villagrasa, Pedro J. & Barrada, Juan Ramón & Río, Elena & Koopmans, Linda. (2019). Assessing Job Performance Using Brief Self-report Scales: The Case of the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 35, 195-205. 10.5093/jwop2019a21.

63) Roth G., Assor A., Kanat-Maymon K., & Kaplan H. (2007). Autonomous motivation for teaching: How self¬determined teaching may lead to self-determined learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(4), 761-774. https:// doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.99.4.761.

64) Schraw, G. (2006). Promoting self regulation in science education: Meta cognition as part of a broader perspective on learning. Research in Science education, 36, 111-139.

65) Sempane, M. S., Rieger, H. S., & Roodt, G. (2002). Job satisfaction in relation to organisational culture. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 28(2), 23-30.

66) Snedecor, George W. and Cochran, William G. (1989). Statistical Methods, Eighth Edition. Iowa State University Press.

67) Steijn, B. (2008). Person-environment fit and public servicemotivation. International Public Management Journal, 11(1), 13–27.

68) Strong C, Lin CY, Jalilolghadr S, Updegraff JA, Brostro¨ m A, Pakpour AH. (2018). Sleep hygiene behaviours in Iranian adolescents: an application of the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Sleep Research, 27(1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12566 PMID: 28593637.

69) Sun Y, Fang Y, Lim KH, Straub D. (2012). User satisfaction with information technology services: A social capi- tal perspective. Information Systems Research, 23(4), 1195–211.

70) Taber, K.S. (2018). The Use of Cronbach’s Alpha When Developing and Reporting Research Instruments in Science Education. Res Sci Educ, 48, 1273–1296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9602-2.

71) Taylor, J. (2008). Organizational influences, public service motivation and work outcomes: An Australian study. International Public Management Journal, 11, 67-88.

72) Thanh, N. N., Trung, N. S., Chien, T. T., Ha, T. T. N., Hien, N. L. T., & Thuy, N. T. (2021). A study on work motivation of commune-level civil servants in Vietnam. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, 24, 1-8.

73) Thoonen E. E. J., Sleegers P. J. C., Oort F. J., Peetsma T. T. D., & Geijsel F. P. (2011). How to improve teaching practices: The role of teacher motivation, organizational factors, and leadership practices. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(3), 496-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0013161X11400185.

74) Thoonen E. E. J., Sleegers P. J. C., Oort F. J., Peetsma T. T. D., &Geijsel F. P. (2011). How to improve teaching practices: The role of teacher motivation, organizational factors, and leadership practices. Educational Administration Quarterly, 47(3), 496-536. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0013161X11400185.

75) Tran Manh Hung, Tran Viet Dung. (2020 ). Research on factors affecting the working motivation of lecturers in Universities today. Journal of Industry and Trade, 7, 41-49.

76) van den Berghe L., Soenens B., Aelterman N., Cardon G., Tallir I. B., & Haerens L. (2014). Within-person profiles of teachers' motivation to teach: Associations with need satisfaction at work, need-supportive teaching, and burnout. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(4), 407-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.04.001.

77) Vandenabeele, W. (2007). Toward a public administration theory of public service motivation: An institutional approach. Public Management Review, 9(4), 545–556.

78) Vandenabeele, W. (2009). The mediating effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on self-reported performance: more robust evidence of the PSM—performance relation- ship. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 75(1), 11-34.

79) Vandenabeele, W. (2013). Further integration of public service motivation theory and self-deter- mination theory: concepts and antecedents. The International Public Service Motivation Conference, Utrecht 2013.

80) Vietnamese Government. (2019). Decision No. 89/QD-TTg dated 18/01/2019. Hanoi, Vietnam.

81) Viseu J., de Jesus S. N., Rus C., & Canavarro J. M. (2016). Teacher motivation, work satisfaction, and positive psychological capital: A literature review. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 14(2), 439-461. https://doi.org/10.14204/ejrep.39.15102.

82) Walker, R.M., Boyne, G.A., Brewer, G.A. & Avellaneda, C.N. (2011). Market Orientation and Public Service Performance: New Public Management Gone Mad? Public Administration Review, 71(5), 707-717.

83) Watt H. M. G., & Richardson P. W. (2015). Teacher Motivation. In J. D. Wright (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (pp. 64-71). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.

84) Xin Z, Liang M, Zhanyou W, Hua X .(2019). Psychosocial factors influencing shared bicycle travel choices among Chinese: An application of theory planned behavior. PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0210964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210964.

VOLUME 06 ISSUE 01 JANUARY 2023

There is an Open Access article, distributed under the term of the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits remixing, adapting and building upon the work for non-commercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.