Dietermar Say

College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, Oita 874-8577, Japan

Supporting community based-tourism (CBT) is a development strategy for local government to use tourism to improve local people’s livelihoods. Here local government takes over the agenda for the community and supplies updates and resources on development but leaves the decision making to the community itself. However it is not just the government that designs CBT strategies, the existing literature shows that members of academia and international organizations have been carrying out, publishing and analyzing CBT case studies, thus providing more insight as to why CBT fails or succeeds in communities. In general, the tourism transformation achieved by government may not always be satisfactory to the community as opposed to academia, international organizations, or the community itself. As each community is unique, the present study examines the general attitudes of 535 respondents about government performance in CBT from 40 different countries. The respondents are divided into four groups according to the respondents’ work experience with academia, government, international organizations, and the community. The results show that the government group sees themselves as the least productive, whereas the international organization group paradoxically sees the government’s ability in CBT as the most favorable. The outcome of this study provides a general overview of the capabilities and limits of government in CBT development which may be of use to communities and stakeholders that are considering becoming involved in such transformations.

Community Based-Tourism (CBT); Government; Community Development; Community

1) Braden, S., & Mayo, M. (1999). Culture, community development and representation. Community Development Journal, 34(3), 191-204.

2) Bryman, A., & Cramer, D. (1996). Quantitative data analysis with minitab: a guide for social scientists. Psychology Press.

3) Byrne, J. P. (2002). Two cheers for gentrification. Howard LJ, 46, 405.

4) DCLG (Department of Communities and Local Government). (2006). The Community Development Challenge. London: HM Government.

5) Duany, A. (2001). Three Cheers for" Gentrification". The American Enterprise, 12(3), 36-36.

6) Green, G. P., & Goetting, A. (2010). Community assets: Building the capacity for development. Mobilizing communities: Asset building as a community development strategy, 1-13.

7) Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., & Black, W. C. (2010). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (Vol. 7).

8) Kaur, P., Jawaid, A., & Othman, N. B. A. (2016). The Impact of Community-Based Tourism on Community Development in Sarawak. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(1), 15-26.

9) Kerstein, R. (1990). Stage models of gentrification: an examination. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 25(4), 620-639.

10) Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.

11) Kontogeorgopoulos, N., Churyen, A., & Duangsaeng, V. (2014). Success factors in community- based tourism in Thailand: The role of luck, external support, and local leadership. Tourism Planning & Development, 11(1), 106–124.

12) Kretzmann, J. P., & McKnight, J. (1993). Building communities from the inside out (pp. 2-10). Evanston, IL: Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research, Neighborhood Innovations Network.

13) Newman, K., & Wyly, E. K. (2006). The right to stay put, revisited: Gentrification and resistance to displacement in New York City. Urban studies, 43(1), 23-57.

14) Smith, N. (2000) ‘Gentrification’, in R.J. Johnston, D. Gregory, G. Pratt, and M. Watts (eds.) e Dictionary of Human Geography 4th ed. (Oxford: Blackwell) 294–296.

15) Tasci, A. D. (2011). Destination branding and positioning. Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications, 113-129.

16) Wilkinson, K. P. (1972). A field-theory perspective for community development research. Rural Sociology, 37(1), 43.

17) WWF (World Wildlife Fund). (2001). Guidelines for community- based ecotourism development. Gland, Switzerland: WWF International.

VOLUME 04 ISSUE 09 SEPTEMBER 2021