1Joseph Oyepata Simeon, 2Musa Tabitha Lubo, 3Joseph Opeyemi Tosin, 4Ibhafidon Irabor
1Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University, Oye Ekiti State, Nigeria.
2Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria
3Department of Pharmacy, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
4Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Natural and Applied Science, Nasarawa State University, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
DOI : https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v3-i11-01Google Scholar Download Pdf
ABSTRACT:
Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered corona virus. Most people who fall sick with COVID-19 experience mild to moderate symptoms and recover without special treatment. A number of deaths have been recorded across world. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the extent the virus affects Africa relative to other parts of the world and it significant. One hundred and eighty seven (187) countries were selected randomly based on their continents and cases of infection. Data from each country were obtained from United Nations Geoscheme and WHO as at October 12, 2020 and were analyzed and compared to that of the United State of America (USA). USA was used as a Comparism Factor (CF) because it has one of the best healthcare system and high COVID-19 cases. Subsequent examination of associations between the proportion of COVID-19 cases, recovery and deaths of each country to the United State of America was carried out. All data used in these analyses are from publicly available data sets. Data analyzed revealed that almost all African countries appears to be least affected by the virus. African countries have the least impacted and lesser number of deaths index. Result from the study suggests that the virus affect Africa the least when compared to USA and other continents in terms of cases and mortality. This may be due to among other factors a more robust immune response. The result also helps to provide relative explanation as to how significant developing and providing vaccine may be to various part of the world.
KEYWORDSAfrica, USA, COVID-19, Nigeria, infection.
REFERENCES
1) Virus Taxonomy. (2020) Release. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2019. Archived from the original on 2018-03-04. Retrieved 2020-01-24
2) www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2020
3) Virus Taxonomy: (2019) Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). .
4) Giaimo C (2020). The Spiky Blob Seen Around the World. The New York Times. Page 1-12.
5) International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-05-14. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
6) International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 2020-01-24.
7) Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P (March 2019). Bat Corona viruses in China. Viruses. 11 (3): 210-223.
8) Cherry, James; Demmler-Harrison, Gail J.; Kaplan, Sheldon L.; Steinbach, William J.; Hotez, Peter J. (2017). Feign and Cherry's Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. PT6615. ISBN 978-0-323-39281-5.
9) Woo PC, Huang Y, Lau SK, Yuen KY (2010). Corona virus genomics and bioinformatics analysis. Viruses. 2 (8): 1804–20.
10) Almeida JD, Berry DM, Cunningham CH, Hamre D, Hofstad MS, Mallucci L, McIntosh K, Tyrrell DA (November 1968). Virology: Corona viruses. Nature. 220 (5168): 265-278.
11) Definition of Corona virus by Merriam-Webster". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2020-03-24.
12) Joseph O. T, Obianime. A. W., Siminialaye M. I., Joseph O. S., Anyanwu C. and Musa T. L. (2019). Clinical study on the effect of Moringa oleifera on serum level of glucose and triglyceride in subjects taken tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz combination regimen. European Scientific Journal. Vol.15, (.21). Page 280 -293.
13) Wertheim JO, Chu DK, Peiris JS, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Poon LL (2013). A case for the ancient origin of corona viruses. Journal of Virology. 87 (12): 7039–45.
14) Wertheim JO, Chu DK, Peiris JS, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Poon LL (2014). A case for the ancient origin of corona viruses. Journal of Virology. 87 (12): 7039–45.
15) Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) situation reports - World Health Organization (WHO)
16) 2019 Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) in the U.S. -. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
17) Outbreak Notification - National Health Commission (NHC) of the People’s Republic of China
18) Novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) - Australian Government Department of Health
19) Jonathan M. Read et al. (2020). Novel corona virus 2019-nCoV: early estimation of epidemiological parameters and epidemic prediction -
20) Maimuna Majumder and Kenneth D. Mandl. (2020). Early Transmissibility Assessment of a Novel Corona virus in Wuhan, China - Harvard University - Computational Health Informatics Program -
21) Imperial College London (2020). Report 3: Transmissibility of 2019-nCoV - 25
22) https://healthwise.punchng.com/covid-19-may-lead-to-high-death-toll-in-africa-melinda-gates/
23) Joseph O. S., Builders M., Joseph O. T., Zubairu S.A., Musa T. and Oyepata p.j. (2019). Sub-acute toxicity study of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum on the kidney of wistar rats. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Development. Vol. 11 No.1. Page 1-7.
24) Joseph O. S., Builders M., Joseph O. T., Zubairu S.A., Musa T. and Oyepata p.j. (2019). Sub-acute toxicity study of ethanol leaf extract of Ocimum canum on brain, lungs, stomach and spleen of wister rats. African Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Development. Vol. 11 No.1. Page 35-42.
25) The Guardian. (2020). why Africa is least affected by deaths from covid-19 https://guardian.ng/news/why-africa-is-least-affected-by-deaths-from-covid-19/
26) Joseph O. S., Joseph O. T., Musa T. L and Oyepata P. J. (2019). Histological evaluation of the nephroprotective activity of the ethanol stem extracts of Homalium letestui in Gentamicin – induced albino rats injury, using various staining techniques. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 7, Issue 8. Page 1065-1087.
27) Joseph O.S., Builders M., Emem E.U and Joseph O.T. (2019). EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia extracts ON LIVER OF WISTER RATS. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 8, Issue 9. Page 1112-11120.
28) Joseph O.S., Builders M., Emem E.U and Joseph O.T. (2019). EFFECT OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Cassia angustifolia extract ON Kidney OF WISTER RATS. Global Scientific Journal. Volume 8, Issue 9. Page 1023-1031.
29) Imperial College London. (2019). Report 3: Transmissibility of 2019-nCoV - 25 January
30) Epidemiology (2019). Case fatality risk of influenza A (H1N1pdm09): a systematic review
31) Chen Want et al (2019). A novel corona virus outbreak of global health concern -. The Lancet.
32) CDC (2005). Symptoms of Novel Corona virus (2019-nCoV) .
33) China's National Health Commission news conference on corona virus (2020) - Al Jazeera.
34) Reuters report, January 23, 2020. Wuhan lockdown 'unprecedented', shows commitment to contain virus: WHO representative in China -.
35) Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) - WHO, January 23, 2020
36) Antonio Villalonga Morales. 2020: Factors that may explain why COVID is less deadly in Africa. Newsletter
37) Gregorio A., Millett MPH, Austin T., Jones MA, David Benkeser MPH, Stefan Baral LM et al. (2020). Differential impacts of COVID-19 on black communities Pages 37-44
38) BABRAHAM INSTITUTE (2020). Charting immune system development in sub-Saharan African
39) Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Dashboard. 2020. Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE). Johns Hopkins University (2020), Accessed 24th Apr 2020
40) New York State Department of Health COVID-19. 2020. Fatalities. https://covid19tracker.health.ny.gov/views/NYS-COVID19-Tracker/NYSDOHCOVID-19Tracker-Fatalitiesno. Accessed 8th Apr 2020
41) Willis H, Williams V. A (2020). Funeral is thought to have sparked a COVID-19 outbreak in Albany, Ga. — and led to many more funerals. The Washington Post, Washington, DC. Page 54-67.
42) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cases in U.S. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html(2020), Accessed 15th Apr 2020
43) Georgia Department of Public HealthCOVID-19 Daily Status Report. https://dph.georgia.gov/covid-19-daily-status-report (2020), Accessed 9th Apr 2020
44) Helen Thompson. (2012). Early exposure to germs has lasting benefits. Nature. Page 163-176
45) The Guardian. (2020). why Africa is least affected by deaths from covid-19 https://guardian.ng/news/why-africa-is-least-affected-by-deaths-from-covid-19/.
46) Beck G, Habitat GS (1996). Immunity and the Invertebrates. Scientific American. 275 (5):60–66.
47) O'Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG (2001). Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. British Journal of Cancer. 85 (4): 473–83.
48) Litman GW, Cannon JP, Dishaw LJ (2005). Reconstructing immune phylogeny: new perspectives. Nature Reviews. Immunology. 5 (11): 866–79.
49) Restifo NP, Gattinoni L (October 2013). Lineage relationship of effector and memory T cells. Current Opinion in Immunology. 25 (5): 556–63.
50) Kurosaki T, Kometani K, Ise W (March 2015). Memory B cells. Nature Reviews. Immunology. 15 (3): 149–59.
VOLUME 03 ISSUE 11 NOVEMBER 2020
Our Services and Policies
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected.
The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis will publish 12 monthly online issues per year,IJMRA publishes articles as soon as the final copy-edited version is approved. IJMRA publishes articles and review papers of all subjects area.
Open access is a mechanism by which research outputs are distributed online, Hybrid open access journals, contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles.
International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis initiate a call for research paper for Volume 07 Issue 12 (December 2024).
PUBLICATION DATES:
1) Last Date of Submission : 26 December 2024 .
2) Article published within a week.
3) Submit Article : editor@ijmra.in or Online
Why with us
1 : IJMRA only accepts original and high quality research and technical papers.
2 : Paper will publish immediately in current issue after registration.
3 : Authors can download their full papers at any time with digital certificate.
The Editors reserve the right to reject papers without sending them out for review.
Authors should prepare their manuscripts according to the instructions given in the authors' guidelines. Manuscripts which do not conform to the format and style of the Journal may be returned to the authors for revision or rejected. The Journal reserves the right to make any further formal changes and language corrections necessary in a manuscript accepted for publication so that it conforms to the formatting requirements of the Journal.